Animal Cruelty Is An Ethical And Moral Issue Essay

A. How is this an ethical and moral issue? What are the different opinions about the actual issue or how to solve the issue? Animal cruelty can be either deliberate abuse or simply the failure to take care of an animal. Either way, or whether the animal is a pet, a farm animal or wildlife, the victim can suffer terribly. Animal cruelty is an ethical and moral dilemma as there is no clear right or wrong answers that can solve all of the issues. There are numerous opinions on how this issue can be solved, these include; - Creating more animal protection laws e.g. ban animals in circuses - Harsher fines for animal abusers - Educate people on why animal cruelty is a problem ANIMAL ABUSE- CATHOLIC Catholic views on animal abuse is varied greatly. The ‘traditional’ view is that humans are made in a different image than animals. It proclaims that humans have been given ‘dominion’ over nature, meaning humans can use animals in accordance to their own needs (gen 1:28). However, many Catholics disagree and believe that God gave human ‘stewardship’ over the animals, which means we are put on this Earth to look after and care for God’s creation (Luke 12:6). There are a number of Catholic authorities that discourage animal abuse; The Church of England held a conference in 1988 and 1986 that was concerned with this issue. It reinforced that ‘human beings are both co-partners with the rest of creation and living bridges between Heaven and Earth, with responsibility to makeShow MoreRelatedAnimal Cruelty Every year, the RSPCA (Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals) takes1200 Words   |  5 PagesAnimal Cruelty Every year, the RSPCA (Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals) takes in close to 50,000 reports of animal mistreatment in Australia and about 150,000 in England and in Wales (RSPCA, 2013). However, these figures do not include the cases when mistreatment is not reported which, according to the RSPCA, happens almost as often as the ones recorded (RSPCA, 2013). Maltreatment occurs when an animal is tormented or harmed, imprisoned or transported from one place to anotherRead MoreAnimal Rights and Ethics Essay1746 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Animal Rights and Ethics† Gary Grey Introduction to Ethics and Social Responsibility Stacey Hiles March 21, 2011 Is it ethical for animals to have the same rights as humans? During this paper I will present the views of both sides. I will try my best to give the reader a chance to come to there own unbiased conclusion. I will talk about the key areas of animal ethics. I will present the facts and reasoning behind the arguments over Animal cruelty, testing, hunting, and improper housing. MyRead MoreEthics : Ethics And Ethics1485 Words   |  6 Pagescollection of moral principles carrying out the manner in which a person leads their life. In modern society philosophers divide ethical theories into three separate areas, meta-ethics, normative ethics and applied ethics. Meta-ethics refer to the origins and meanings of ethical principles, dealing with the nature of moral judgement. Normative ethics refers to what is right and wrong and concerned with the content of moral judgement. Rather applied ethics denotes to controversial ethical issues, often timesRead MoreWhy Adopt A Vegetarian Diet1116 Wo rds   |  5 PagesRyan ELD103 Writing Camosun College March 29th, 2016 Why Adopt a Vegetarian Diet Paul McCartney (1975) had said: â€Å"If slaughterhouses had glass walls, everyone would be a vegetarian.† Recently, to be a vegetarian is still a controversial issue that attracts people’s attention, so the word â€Å"vegetarian† frequently appears on TV advertisement, restaurants or markets. As its name suggests, vegetarian defines someone who lives on a diet of vegetables, fruits, dairy and nuts and they reject eatingRead MoreEssay What Moral and Ethical Obligations do Humans Have to Animals1492 Words   |  6 Pagesmethod of animal husbandry has become quite a controversial issue and caused apprehension amongst many different factions of society. These concerns relate to how high density farming practices result in dangers associated with environmental impacts, human health and non-human welfare. Animal welfare/animal rights groups argue that the conditions in which the animals live are cruel and abhorrent. This notion of cruelty invites debate surrounding t he complex and multi-faceted issue of the moral and ethicalRead MoreThe Ethical Argument For Veganism1685 Words   |  7 Pages This essay analyzes the ethical argument for veganism through the lens of philosophy using Utilitarianism defined by John Stuart Mill, and Deontological ethics according to Immanuel Kant. Through the use of these theories, I will justify the moral worth and legitimacy of the animal welfare debate that is often used to promote a cruelty-free and vegan lifestyle by analyzing questions of animal sentience, the worth of an animal’s happiness, and the right humanity supposedly has to the lives of otherRead MoreAnimal Rights vs Human Morals Essay1468 Words   |  6 Pagescan agree that animals need rights to be able to stay alive and be safe. But ask yourself is that really the only solution to saving animals? In my case, I believe that is not the only solution, for animals to be safe people need to realize it’s their fault animals are put through suffrage. Animal’s lives are put on the line due to the actions of human beings. Animals do not need rights to be protect ed. Human beings need to learn to behave morally, rather than on the act of animal rights, althoughRead MoreEthical Issues on the Treatment of Animals Essay722 Words   |  3 Pages Animals have always played an essential role in many aspects of this world. Some people look upon these roles with favoritism, some with disgust. Animals are considered different from humans by some people because of their behavior, mannerisms or actions. Some animals are used as food by humans and other animals, while others are trapped for their furs. Many times people acquire animals for pets, only to neglect or mistreat them. For many years, the ethical treatment of animals has beenRead MoreAnimal Cruelty Should Not Be A Big Deal1415 Words   |  6 PagesAnimal Cruelty Almesha Jones (Mesha) Introduction and Background All around the world, people are abusing animals. Animal cruelty is a big deal because some people do not look at animals as being important; some people do not see a problem with hurting them. Animal cruelty can be define as being a malicious treatment that can cause undue pain or being mistreated. Seeing an animal get brutalize by some humans seems to be cruel. Getting kicked in the ribs, left for starvation and even used for entertainmentRead MoreHello1309 Words   |  6 Pages2016 The Morality of Animal Testing in Cosmetic Companies Preface The ethical treatment of animal testing is a controversial topic in the field of zoology. Different aspects on animal testing range from positivity to negativity. Animals such as dogs and rats are used for experimental trials because they have been found to have psychological and genetic correlations that relate to humans. Although the benefits and improvements to modern medicine made it possible to ban animal experimentation completely

Management Theory Quality Management - 1353 Words

A INVESITIGATIVE STUDY OF EFFICIENCY INTO QUALITY MANAGEMENT PROCESS 6 SIGMA Vs ACE (ACHIEVING COMPETITIVE EXCELLENCE) CONTENTS 1. Introduction 2. Back Ground 3. Alternatives 4. Proposed Solutions 5. Recommendations 6. Conclusions 7. References I. Introduction Total quality management is a management philosophy aimed at continuous growth in quality improvement of products, processes and services to achieve and surpass quality standards. It consists of strategic planning, organizing and implementing each process activity and of removing all the wasted effort and energy that is routinely spent. It is a methodology of strategic overview of quality and focus on prevention not detection of problems. In the early 1990’s companies started developing their own total quality Management principals. The most notable of all these new theories was Six Sigma which was developed by Motorola Corporation and later implemented by other industry giants like General Motors, Microsoft, Helwet-Packard etc., another significant new generation Quality management theory was ACE-(Achieving Competitive Excellence) developed by United Technologies Corporation(UTC). While 6 Sigma approach is data oriented in quality management of products, services, processes and customer experience, ACE approach is process improvement, waste elimination, skill improvement, problem solving and decision making tools. This investigative study deals with comparison of both 6 Sigma andShow MoreRelatedThe Quality Management Theory with an Emphasis on Kaizen and Efqm4130 Words   |  17 PagesThe Quality Management Theory with an emphasis on Kaizen and EFQM Susan Baer Liberty University Online Abstract The intent of this literature review is to research the theory of quality management with an emphasis on the use of kaizen and the European Quality Management Model (EFQM). Through the use of scholarly articles based on research within the field of quality management in both the domestic and global business arenas, the reader will understand the history and significance of the useRead MoreToyota s Theory Of Total Quality Management1500 Words   |  6 Pagesmanufacturers, Toyota has always had a reputation for high quality automobiles at very competitive prices. Toyota’s approach to production is a ‘lean manufacturing system’ or a â€Å"Just-in-Time (JIT) system, which aims at producing vehicles in the fastest and most efficient way possible, in order to deliver vehicles in the fastest possible time. Despite having a very effective production system in place, in 2009 Toyota experienced a crisis in the quality of their cars, which in result caused them to recallRead MoreManagement Theories Of Total Quality Management834 Words   |  4 Pagesthat are served dictate the strategy for how the business operates. This theoretical summary will focus on the management theories of Total Quality Management and Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory of Motivation and the role that each of these theories play in the success of a trade association. The total quality management (TQM) viewpoint is based on an organizations ability to provide quality services and products, continuous improvement internally and externally, ongoing training and education, and mostRead MoreThe Theory Of Quality Management Essay2009 Words   |  9 PagesPart 1 1. The idea of quality has developed to mean much more than the respectability of a manufactured item. Quality now represents a philosophy, an arrangement of procedures and practices, and a progressing responsibility to business fabulousness that envelops all issues – and and engages all individuals – inside an association. The idea of value as we consider it now initially first emerged from the Industrial Revolution. Previously merchandise had been produced using from beginning to endRead MoreTotal Quality Management Theory1305 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Most organizational management theories descend either from Frederick Taylor’s scientific management theory or from Elton Mayo s human relations model. Total Quality Management (TQM) theory grew out of existing organizational management theories, in part, as a response to the problems in those theories. Edwards Deming and Joseph Juran are most responsible for the development of TQM. Deming and Juran began work on TQM in the 1930s and continued shaping the management model into the 1990s. DuringRead MoreQuality Management Theories Of Amazon1321 Words   |  6 Pages1. Quality Management Theories To manage the quality of their product and services in order to meet the customer’s expectation and needs. Amazon implemented both Lean approach and Six Sigma approach as their major methodologies. 1.1 Lean Approach The term â€Å"lean† was used to describe the Toyota company’s production management system. It is a theory that focuses on maximizing customer’s value by reducing wasted business process. For example, it attempts to cut down the time length between orderingRead MoreTheory Analysis: Total Quality management2922 Words   |  12 Pagesdifficulties in implementing Total Quality management Approach According to the prestigious management consultant company, Surveys by consulting firms have found that only 20-36% of companies that have undertaken TQM have achieved either significant or even tangible improvements in quality, productivity, competitiveness or financial return. As a result many people are skeptical about TQM. (http://www.johnstark.com/fwtqm.html). The total Quality Management Approach works towards achieving clientRead MoreCore Concepts Of Quality And Associated Academic Theory1643 Words   |  7 PagesThe history of quality movement can be traced back to medieval Europe (American Society for Quality , 2016) but fundamental quality processes and practices came into effect in the early 20th century. In the 1920’s statistical theory began to be applied effectively to quality control and by the 1950’s quality management practices were developing rapidly in Japan’s manufacturing market, becoming fully embedded in industry in Europe and the USA by the 1980’s (Department of Trade and Industry, n.d.)Read MoreQuality Management Proposal Essay632 Words   |  3 PagesBJB Quality Management Proposal Outline Learning Team B Christie Bryant, John Deprimo, Kareemot Olorunoje, Ammy Solis, Michael Willis, and Patrice Wills MGT/420 Kathryn Kendall November 5, 2012 BJB Quality Management Proposal Outline Introduction As a manufacturer of high-end compact disc changers for the automobile aftermarket, BJB manufacturing currently has no quality program. The organization needs a strategy for improving business performance through the commitment and involvementRead MoreMy Business Quality Management Degree Program1433 Words   |  6 PagesMy Business Quality Management degree program has prepared me for the business world and enabled me to not just understand business processes from quality perspectives but also improve those for driving organizational change through quality improvement. The Southwestern core curriculum has prepared me to advance in my career options. My degree has helped me develop business management skills as well as improved my ability to offer ideas and insight into best practices. With my degree, I have the

The Anti-War and Hippie Movements - 1344 Words

From the late 1950s to the late 1970s a phenomenon erupted over the United States. A proud counter culture was born in the midst of the Vietnam War. Many people protested against the Vietnam War and the horrors that many people saw on TV because of it. Many incidents triggered the Anti-War movement and the Hippie counter culture such as the growing United States involvement in Southern Vietnam, the gruesome images that the evening news showed uncensored, the draft that caused many thousands of men to lose their lives and their minds as the end result of the war. This war triggered a great sense of what is right and wrong in specifically young people. Social justice and moral justice were some of the main focal points of the Anti-War and Hippie movements. This war allowed teenagers and young adults to have power in what they believe in and to stand up against unjust killings of our men and innocent lives in Vietnam. The eighteen-year span of the war from 1956 -1975 saw the rise and ev entually the fall of the anti-war movement and the hippie movement. The Vietnam War was one of the most hated wars in United States history, for the primary reasons that we did not win and the draft destroyed countless men, physically and mentally. The end result of the war did not justify the means and this made a lot of people very upset. This war was also the most televised war, showing incredibly gruesome, uncensored images on the evening news at dinner time. The political protest for theShow MoreRelatedEssay about The Counterculture899 Words   |  4 PagesThe Impact of the Hippie Counterculture of the 1960s The â€Å"hippies† of the 1960s had many effects on the American society. The visual appearance and lifestyle of the hippies were in sharp contrast to the conservative nature of the older generation, which defined them as a counterculture. The hippie lifestyle was based on free love, rock music, shared property, and drug experimentation. They introduced a new perspective on drugs, freedom of expression, appearance, music, attitudes toward workRead MoreEssay about The Beatles and the concept of Free Love619 Words   |  3 PagesLong Road To Peace When someone hears the word â€Å"hippie† they are most likely to think of the scene in Forrest Gump or even the groupies that followed The Beatles on hand and foot. Hippie culture is much more than that. Some aspects of this sub-rebellious culture are the concept of free love- you know, that bumper sticker that reads â€Å"make love not war†? That would be a relic of the 1960-1970’s. The hippie lifestyle was uncanny to older generations- this created the phenomenon of the â€Å"generationRead MoreThe Hippie Movement and the Beat Movemnt1704 Words   |  7 PagesHow the Hippies got hip with the beat of the Beat Movement Jack Kerouac once said, â€Å"the only people for me are the mad ones, the ones who are mad to live, mad to talk, mad to be saved, desirous of everything at the same time, the ones who never yawn or say a commonplace thing, but burn, burn, burn like fabulous yellow roman candles exploding like spiders across the stars† (Kerouac 5). Kerouac was the symbol of the Beat Movement. He was the rebellious and adventurous man, who during his time wasRead MoreThe Hippie Subculture Essay1440 Words   |  6 PagesThe Hippie Movement: The Philosophy behind the Counterculture The sixties was a decade of liberation and revolution, a time of great change and exciting exploration for the generations to come. It was a time of anti-war protests, free love, sit-ins, naked hippie chicks and mind-altering drugs. In big cities such as San Francisco, Los Angeles, New York and Paris, there was a passionate exchange of ideas, fiery protests against the Vietnam War, and a time for love, peace and equality. The comingRead MorePositive and Negative Impacts of the Sixties Counterculture1532 Words   |  7 Pagesculture-- segregation, McCarthyism, unjust wars, censorship--needed to prove that some Americans still had the common sense to care for one another. The young people of the sixties counterculture movement were successful at awakening awareness on many causes that are being fought in modern American discourse. If not for the Revolution that the hippies began, political or social reform and the Peoples voice would be decades behind. While the hippie movement has subsided, as it became too cool andRead MoreDuring the 1960s, a new culture spread throughout the United States, stirring up the Flower Power800 Words   |  4 PagesPower movement as well as the aversion from the typical American lifestyle. These â€Å"Hippies† as they were known, didn’t want to fit in with the mainstream crowd. The name â€Å"hippie† was taken from the term â€Å"hipster†. It described how the Hippies believed that we should make love, not war, their vocal opposition to the United States’ involvement in the Vietnam War, and the increasingly rocky road to shared civil rights among all Americans led to this new, alternative form of activism. But the Hippie movementRead MoreThe Hippie Movement of the 1960s Essay example646 Words   |  3 PagesThe hippie subculture was originally a youth movement beginning in the United States around the early 1960s and consisted of a group of people who opposed politi cal and social orthodoxy, choosing an ideology that favored peace, love, and personal freedom. The hippies rejected established institutions, criticized middle class values, opposed nuclear weapons and the Vietnam War, were usually eco-friendly and vegetarians, and promoted the use of psychedelic drugs. They created their own communitiesRead MoreSixties Music and How it Reflected the Changing Times Essay1715 Words   |  7 Pagesremember the decade’s music as a representation of the moral decline and the representation of the inappropriate ideal of the youth (Szatmary 1996). The youth movement became the counterculture and they became hippies. The hippies preached mysticism, honesty, joy, and nonviolence (Time 7 July 1967, 4-5). Music played an intricate part in the hippie lifestyle. The music reflected the sentiment of the youth. It became an outlet for teenagers to express themselves and voice their concerns about societyRead MoreFashion of Roaring Twenties and the Si xties1527 Words   |  7 Pageswere economic and social change were happening. They are both largely known for their fashion. The 1920s was also known as the Roaring Twenties due to the period’s social, artistic, and cultural energy. The twenties were right after the end of World War One and right before the Great Depression. The era was notable for inventions and discoveries, industrial growth, increased consumer demand and significant changes in lifestyle (â€Å"roaring twenties†). During the twenties, the economy of the United StatesRead MorePositive Influence of Hippies on Canadian Society in the 1960s.1330 Words   |  6 Pagesencouragement of feminism, and their unique fashion. Hippies held enforcing protets for their freedom, against the Vietnam war, and for enviromental issues. The police in Vancouver did not like the counterculture of hippies. There was a sit-in and the police was going to break it up but the next time over 20 000 peopole came to support them. [1] The protests against Vietnam war originally came from America, however from this picture you can see how active Canada was as well. The hippies of Canada tried

Beowulf a Pagan Epic Hero - 1681 Words

Beowulf: A Pagan Epic Hero? Throughout literature there have been countless parallels and references to the story of Christ as written in the Bible. Even in such unexpected places as in seemingly pagan poems of ancient Danes and Geats- an epic with dragons and monsters- one still finds similar biblical allusions. In just such an unexpected place, the epic Beowulf, its title hero and his circumstance, become an allegory for the story of Christ. In this sense, Beowulf can be seen as a Christian story of salvation. The similarities between Beowulf and the story of Christ are striking. All one would need to see the many parallels between the two would be a simple sign or thought that this allegory does exist. After that simple hint†¦show more content†¦Thus these warriors lived in joy, blessed, until one began to do evil deeds, a hellish enemy. (pg. 28) As Satan who used guile and deceit to ruin happiness and bring death to our first Mother and Father (and thereby all mankind), so Grendel too brings death to the North-Danes to end his solitary misery. Even the use of such concepts as hellish or having to do with Hell, and the Great Flood (as mentioned above) point to the fact that Beowulf is written for an audience that is at least familiar with, if not part of, the Christian doctrine. So, by this note - if Grendel is this creature deprived of joy...driven by evil desire(pg. 36), if he is the symbolic Satan- and the audience is knowledgeable of Christian theology- then it follows t hat Beowulf, who vanquishes Grendel and lays down his own life for his people by killing the Dragon, must be the representation of Christ. The first comparison which must be drawn between Beowulf and Christ is that of their descriptions. Beowulf is described as the Best of Men, Beloved Man, He held the great gift that God had given him, the most strength of all mankind (Beowulf) Similarly Christ is called the Savior, Redeemer, Lord, Master, The Lords Anointed (Microsoft Bookshelf) They are both clearly revered by man, in fact above all others, and blessed by God. Hrothgar says of Beowulf, Lo! That self-same woman who boreShow MoreRelatedBeowulf: the Pagan Christian Epic Hero1569 Words   |  7 PagesBeowulf has both pagan and Christian influences. Throughout the story there are many elements of Christian teachings: that man survives only through the protection of God, that all earthly gifts flow from God, and that the proper bearing of man is to be humble and unselfish (csis.edu, 2011). While many pagan influences appear in the poem, Christian overtones are more prevalent, exhibiting many elements of Christian her oism in the poem. An example is when Beowulf says â€Å"God must decide who will beRead MoreTheme Of Paganism In Beowulf1179 Words   |  5 PagesThe longest epic poem ever written in the genre of Old English is â€Å"Beowulf†, it has been composed in the native language as spoken during the Anglo-Saxon reign in England, preceding the Norman Conquest. Beowulf is regarded as a classic tale which relates the defeat of evil and triumph of good. The poem is divided into three acts. Christian and Pagan Influences in Beowulf: The Pagan deities, rituals as well as pagan ideas influenced Beowulf, when it was being created, though the passing down ofRead MoreComparing Beowulf And The Epic Of Beowulf937 Words   |  4 PagesEmpire. In the story Beowulf, his actions portray him, indeed be an epic hero. Both Christianity and Paganism are both portrayed throughout the epic Beowulf. Beowulf frequently speaks of God throughout the story, while there are also many Pagan elements that are evident throughout the story as well. In addition, It s hard to ignore the Christian and Pagan elements in Beowulf. These types of elements are what define the heroic warrior in the epic Beowulf(Vengeance the Pagan and Christian Inspiration)Read MoreThe Epic Of Beowulf As An Epic Hero1519 Words   |  7 Pagesaway following a journey, you have most likely read an epic. An epic by definition is â€Å"a long poem, typically one derived from ancient oral tradition, narrating the deeds and adventures of heroic or legendary figures or the history of a nation†. Every epic has a main character that undergoes the same archetypal journey as all other heroes, an epic hero. There are specific qualities one must have to be considered an epic hero. Each epic hero possesses superhuman strength, displays a strong sense ofRead MoreChristianity And Paganism In Beowulf1005 Words   |  5 Pagesstrength? Have you ever wanted to be a savior? Well, that is every day for one epic hero named Beowulf. Beowulf is an epic poem about good versus evil written by an anonymous Christian monk. Paganism was the Geats first religion, and once Christianity became introduced, the religion slowly shifted from paganism to Christianity. Beowulf has successfully exhibited the transition from paganism to Christianity. The epic poem has a shift from Christianity to paganism throughout the poem. There are manyRead More Beowulf - Pagan or Christian Epic? Essay1069 Words   |  5 PagesBeowulf Pagan or Christian Epic Beowulf: Pagan or Christian Epic? Although the story of Beowulf is filled with references to religion and faith, many discrepancies occur throughout the story that suggest that Beowulf is not a Christian epic. The character of Beowulf frequently speaks to God and obviously believes in His existence. However, pagan practices are mentioned in several places. Beowulf often refers to another being rather than the Christian God. Pagan practices of cremation andRead MoreBeowulf: An Analysis1615 Words   |  7 Pages11/26/10 Beowulf Anglo Saxons are Germanic people that lived during the 5th and 6th centuries. This early Anglo-Saxon society was centered on families and clans. The earliest Saxon settlers and families in England were pagans who worshipped a number of gods. Although Anglo Saxons had unalterable beliefs, Christians eventually purveyed their religion upon the pagans. However, the ideals of paganism still perpetuate through the most prominent epic poem of this era called Beowulf. Beowulf embodiesRead MoreAnglo Saxon Culture as Reflected in Beowulf Essay943 Words   |  4 Pagesas reflected in Beowulf Every culture has its own set of beliefs values and customs. Cultural beliefs, values, and assumptions are directly and indirectly acquired throughout a lifetime. A culture is the sum of a group’s way of life and this is no different with the ancient Anglo Saxon culture. Cultures usually have distinct figures that reflect their culture as a whole. The importance of religion, values, and heroes are reflected a great deal in the epic poem of Beowulf accurately showingRead More Beowulf and The Intent of Christians to Convert Pagans Into Christianity 1069 Words   |  5 Pagesit to keep track of the history of their people. Beowulf is an epic poem that was past down by the Anglo Saxons from generation to generation. The poem is infused with multiple elements of their pagan religion. However, when they immigrated to England and began to tell the tale of Beowulf, the local inhabitants began to listen and put their twist on it. Douglas Wilson states: Through a heroic poem about pagans that never mentions Christ, Beowulf is the opposite of syncretistic compromise. It isRead MoreEpic Poetry and Beowulf Pg1086 Words   |  5 PagesEpic poems have a unique set of characteristics that distinguish them from just an ordinary poem. An epic poem must contain a hero that is male, noble, and of importance to society who gives long formal speeches and travels over a vast setting. In the epic poem, Beowulf, the reader can see distinct Anglo-Saxon political, economic, and religious values in the actions of the characters and the things happening around them. Wealth in the Anglo-Saxon society, as seen in Beowulf, was used as a means of

Afternoon Tea Report Free Essays

Sam Blandford Student number: 21184301 Tutor: Peter Cross Professional Pastry Techniques 1 Title: Afternoon Tea Report Contents Page Page Number Introduction3 Methodology4 Current trends5 The Science of Gluten6 Gluten free afternoon tea7 Conclusion10 Bibliography11 Introduction In this report investigations will be carried out to determine what the current trends in items served in afternoon teas are as well as the way in which afternoon tea is served. Other factors that will be looked at include the changing clientele of establishments that serve afternoon tea. The range in price and quality of afternoon teas around the country and the type of places that choose to offer afternoon tea will also be investigated. We will write a custom essay sample on Afternoon Tea Report or any similar topic only for you Order Now Now, afternoon tea has been around since the early nineteenth century when tea first started to become popular in the UK. It ‘s invention is often credited to the 7th Duchess of Bedford (http://www. teamuse. com/article_001203. html) who it is thought used it to stave off a â€Å"mid afternoon sinking feeling†. This was most likely as a result of it being commonplace in these times to only eat 2 meals a day, Breakfast and dinner with dinner being commonly served as late as 9 in the evening. The solution to this was to have a small pot of tea, with a light snack, usually a sandwich or cake of some sort at around 4pm. This is still the traditional time for afternoon tea to be had and many afternoon teas are very careful to keep to traditional items when serving afternoon tea as it is seen as an important part of British history and culture. Some more modern places are keener to adapt and branch out as will be explained later on in the report. Methodology To carry out this investigation research would need to be carried out into what afternoon teas are available and how they vary depending on factors like location, type and price. To this it was concluded a number of establishments would be chosen in cities across the UK and investigate what they had to offer. To do this their websites would be looked at in the hope that they would give me some useful information regarding their afternoon tea menu without me having to visit them in person. This quickly became a problem as it became apparent that the main players in the afternoon tea market, such as the Ritz-Carlton and the Savoy, both of which at the most expensive range of the market had very vague menus for their sweet items on their afternoon tea menus. This could be to so that competitors do not know what they are selling but could also be that because from a business point of view, afternoon teas are a great way to use up anything that is left over. This could have been quite limiting however, after looking at cheaper places it was discovered that they offered far more detailed menu descriptions such as The Milestone and The Goring. Another thing that was looked at over the course of this investigation was the clientele that visit establishments that are serving afternoon tea. It was discovered that an increasingly large amount of Japanese tourists are visiting afternoon tea establishments. This is because Japanese people are very keen on a sense of history according to the Japan times something that many British establishments excel at providing. This is according to the Japan Times which says: â€Å"What Japanese people tend to appreciate most about Britain is its sense of tradition. The idea of setting aside time in the afternoon for tea is attractive, since it appeals to the Japanese love of continuity† this clearly demonstrates why more and more Japanese people choose to eat afternoon tea, though this could also be down to their superior economy enabling them to have more disposable income to spend on things like afternoon tea. Other clientele areas that are increasingly choosing to eat afternoon tea are the so-called ladies who lunch. These are the kind of women who are wealthy enough to be able to afford afternoon tea on a regular basis and often do so in a large grop of similar women. However this can have a bad effect on their health as a recent study by Dr Anne McTiernan found that those who regularly eat lunch away from home are more likely to gain weight than those who eat at home as reported in a national newspaper (http://www. dailymail. co. uk/health/article-2172900/A-weighty-warning-ladies-lunch-Those-eat-regularly-lose-fewer-pounds. tml) this shows how the rise in afternoon teas popularity can have detrimental effects on peoples health. Current trends In recent times afternoon tea has had a resurgence in popularity in the UK after a period where it was seen as somewhat old fashioned and out of touch with modern times where fast food establishments are plentiful. It may be difficult to attain the reason for this but retailer Debenhams, who has reported a 119% profit increase over the last 2 years in the sales of china cups and saucers. This shows a massive increase in afternoon tea popularity fuelled largely by the money of many wealthy Asian businessmen and women enjoying afternoon tea either in the UK or in Asia where many things from British culture are becoming very popular, such as private schooling. For example recently Wellington College in Berkshire was paid to build an exact replica of itself in the Chinese city of Tianjin. This shows how Asian economic growth has helped to popularise afternoon tea again in Britain as many Asian people see Britain as the ideal template for their own country. Other factors that have helped to encourage the boom in afternoon tea popularity are the increasing number of establishments that offer it now and at varying prices making it affordable for people with less disposable income. For example an afternoon tea at the Balmoral Hotel in Edinburgh is only ? 37 compared to ? 85. This shows how the more reasonable pricing of some afternoon teas can be a contributing factor in its booming popularity among both British and Foreign clientele. Something else that was noticed when looking at afternoon teas is the vast array of teas that are now available. One teashop that was looked researched in Cardiff had 300 teas on offer for service with an afternoon tea. This is different from when the first mention of afternoon tea came about where you were lucky if a handful of teas were on offer. The Science of Gluten. Gluten is a mixture of proteins that is found in many wheat-based products and other grains such as rye or oats. Gluten consists of two proteins gliadin and glutenin, which is mixed with starch in the endosperm of a wheat kernel. Together they make up 80% of the protein in wheat or other cereals gluten is useful in baking both breads and cakes as it gives the products elasticity and also allows them to keep their shape better. Gluten forms when glutenin molecules cross over creating a web like structure, which contributes to thickness and stretchiness of the dough. If yeast is added to the mixture it produces carbon dioxide bubbles, which become trapped in the structure causing the dough to rise. Baking the dough solidifies the gluten, which along with starch helps to stabilise the shape of the product. Usually different flours are used in the production of breads to those of cakes and pastries as bread flour has a higher gluten content. This provides the stretchiness needed for good bread and pastry products, it is important to develop the gluten to just the right level or else the bread or pastry will either be too rubbery or too tough or to short, for example when making tartlets or other pastry products it is important not to work the dough too much as this risks developing the gluten too much resulting in a tough and chewy product rather than the more crispy product that is desired. Gluten is also used in the production of many imitation meat products such as Quorn and tofu as when gluten is cooked in a broth it produces a rubbery meat like texture. Gluten free afternoon tea. In doing this research gluten free afternoon tea options available for those who suffer from coeliac disease were looked at. Many reviewers on online consumer sites found the food to be bland at tasteless particularly at the Ritz where many suggested that the ratio of topping to gluten free bread was far too excessive, many also found the pastry options to be far below the usual high standard that they expect. Others also commented on the poor quality of the Gluten free options and the snooty vibe of the waiting staff who they felt looked down on them because of their intolerance. However at other places such as Browns the gluten free options has been found to be almost identical to those that contained gluten, particularly the gluten free pastries. This lacking of taste from gluten free products is not uncommon as many products contain alternative flours and other ingredients that do not contain gluten such as potato flour and rice flour. These have a different taste to conventional flours and also have different properties causing to both look and taste differently and usually inferior to products made with conventional flour. Currently few gluten free products exist that consistently come close to matching the flavour and texture of normal products such as Genius bread and Warburton’s who produce a variety of gluten free cakes. During the course of this investigation a number of products were thought up that were suitable for gluten free afternoon teas. One of these was a champagne jelly with a brandy syllabub cream and a frosted grape topping. This product was suitable for consumption by coeliac as it contained no wheat based products at all as its ingriedients consisted of   1 pint (570 ml) champagne or medium-dry sparkling white wine|   1 pint (570 ml) champagne or medium-dry sparkling white wine| 2 large lemons| 6 oz (175 g) caster sugar| 4 x 0. 4 oz (11 g) packs powdered gelatine| For the syllabub:| 2 tablespoons of the same wine as above| 1 tablespoon brandy| juice ? lemon| 1 oz (25 g) caster sugar| 5 fl oz (150 ml) double cream| For the frosted grape decoration:| 4-5 oz (110-150 g) seedless grapes| egg white| caster sugar| All these ingridients came to ? 13 for each quantity of ingridient. A rough diagram of this gluten free desert is shown below Champagne Jelly Syllabub Cream Bubbles Conclusion To conclude my report into afternoon teas it has been discovered that afternoon teas are coming back in a big way with celebrities helping to fuel the growth in demand for them. Also they have caught on abroad with Asia s howing particular interest in them as they look to grow into a more developed country, perhaps basing that growth on culture much like the British did. Also it has been looked at the different options available for afternoon teas and how different the pricing strategies are for different levels of establishments. Another thing that has been noticed was the sheer variety of teas offered in some places and also a multitude of different cake and bread mixes as well as sandwich fillings that are available for someone to have with afternoon tea today. Bibliography Tea  and tourism: tourists, traditions and transformations (L, Jolliffe, 2007 | | Teas  of the world (N,H Woodward, 1980) The  rough  guide  to London (R, Humphreys, B, Chaplin, 2008 7th edition) | How to cite Afternoon Tea Report, Papers

Periodical Review Of Human Com Essay Example For Students

Periodical Review Of Human Com Essay This is a review of Human Communications Research (HCR) journal. It is published quarterly beginning in September (Fall) and ending in June (Summer). The review being done is on Volume 22, which extends from September 1995 to June 1996. The journal takes a behavioral science perspective in its research of human communications. Research areas include Interpersonal, organizational, mass communication, methodology, information systems and persuasion. HCR is a periodical that recognizes that the world is constantly evolving and that communications research must do the same in order to develop a more clear understanding of the important issues and situational demands that are at hand. In maintaining this approach, HCR focuses on exploring new research areas as well as taking a more theoretical approach. They are also trying to acknowledge more international research studies. Methodologically speaking, they seem to remain open to possibilities and try to promote discussion through their ac ceptance of articles. The new senior editor Cindy Gallois, in her editorial best describes the general direction and intent of HCR. One of the main goals is to encourage diversity so that HCR will have something of interest for every reader. She also says that HCR is moving with a general trend that is away from the databased research studies towards more theory-based research and rigorous interpretations of results. Although they are trying to increase the variety of topics, they are still maintaining a behavioral science approach to communications. Gallois also welcomes the expansion of methods on research and is a firm believer in the idea that a good researcher is one that is capable of choosing the approach and methodology that best fit the research question. It is also her belief that HCR will develop more of an international flavor because the present volume marks the first time it has been edited by a non-U.S. resident. This will allow for a greater recognition of the active communication research studies being done in many countries. Upon review of articles in HCR, I found quite few having similar topics. These included: Communication in the workplace, persuasion, deception, and communication support systems. These topics all deal with important aspects of human communication and are consistent with what is trying to be achieved by HCR. The intent of this journal is to improve human communication in areas that it would be widely useful consistent with the changing world. By researching different perspectives of issues, HCR hopes to get a better understanding of what the obstacles have previously been in order to try and improve communication relationships. An outline of some of the main topics of research in this volume should lead to a better understanding of their intent. There were two main focuses with respect to communication in the workplace. First, research on co-worker communication when there is perceived differential treatment (superior-subordinate) and the maintenance of superior-subordinate (S-s) relationships in the work environment. Differences in these studies compared with previously related studies were highlighted to show the new direction and perspective of this research. For example, one study was concerned with the impact of the S-s relationship on transferees. This was relevant because on average over 400,000 people a year are involved in a work transfer (in the U.S.) Another article covering the presence of differential S-s treatment was designed to show a linkage between vertical and horizontal dyadic relationships within an organization. Co-worker co-operation and communication is as important as S-s communication in the workplace yet this relationship had been studied prior to this article. The study provides evidence to conclu de the S-s relationship affects those outside that dyad, particularly other members within the work group, even when differential treatment is only perceived;.1 Thus, this research offered insight into fairness in organizations and how perceptions of this affect coworker relations. Another study was interested in strategic; situations where one or both parties of the S-s relationship were conscious of impending difficulties and therefore took steps to maintain the relationship. The second main focus pertinent to workplace communication is the use of computer-assisted group decision making and video-conferencing. The work on group decision support systems (GDSS) is key because of technologically induced changes in communications within organizations. This study was designed to show that GDSSs aided in the structuring, organization, and participation in decision-making and that decision paths that most resembled logical normative sequences had superior outcomes to those that did not;.2 Video-conferencing (becoming increasingly popular for economic reasons) was examined in one study to clarify its effectiveness with regards to performance efficiency. This was compared with face to face interaction. The only shortcoming found was that less positive impressions of others were formed in the video-conferencing situation.3 In light of these advances in electronic technologies, another study was designed to be a formal model for the examination of communication supp ort systems in the context organizational communication. The model was designed to account for communication phenomena in companies that vary in size, strategy, structure, and complexity;.4 These articles help show the direction of HCR in that they wish to create a better workplace environment as well as more efficiency within organizations in the communications area. Socrates oresteia EssayThe brief review of the articles shows that much of what the editors set out to accomplish was covered. The general direction of more theoretically based research and an expansion in research area perspectives will help generate more discussion and critical review. The journals intent of original research in communications remains the same. The prospect is on the improvement of communications in relevant situations and aspects of life (e.g. Workplace). A better grasp of human interaction will permit more efficient communications processes. The diversity of topics proposed by the editor does exist however; they failed to include studies concerning the youth of today (this may be due to the lack of research in this area). Possible areas of study could be the mass media affects on future perspectives and objectives or how the young people may shape the future of human communication. One other slight shortcoming was the inclusion of only three articles containing international research studies and only two cross-cultural studies. An increase in these, although difficult may be much more representative of the overall development of human communications. All other research studies were U.S. based. A review of later volumes may be the only way to know whether the senior editors intentions of accepting more international studies were actually met. These limitations are easily overcome and should be included as part of HCRs future goals. More importantly though, the relevance of the articles accepted exemplifies their dedication to keeping up with the ongoing changes in communication processes. There appears to be flexibility in the methodological approach taken by HCR. This is evident by the large proportion of articles containing new research areas or different direction. The inclusion of critical analysis and even a rejoinder (in the same issue) makes a statement about their openness to debate. Emphasis on theory-based articles may lead to different, untapped, areas of research, which should increase understanding potential. Many of the studies were multivariate (some with six hypotheses) which shows the broadness of research area. Most studies also had a large sample sizes indicating HCRs desire to be more representative of society as a whole and the findings more generalizable. Their approach is similar to McLuhans (reference to course kit) in a few ways.12 The challenging of the BAE which had been widely accepted for ten years may be an indication of their willingness to discard research that is not leading them in the right direction. Accepting studies such as the Fo rmal Model for the study of CSSs means that they are aware of the changing situations brought on by technology and are adapting to these with new approaches. Overall, Volume 22 of HCR was successful in attaining the goals outlines in the editorial. Their main focus of new research in order to develop a clearer view of communications in increasingly relevant situations outlines their purpose. The looseness in methodological approach is due to their belief in the delicateness and breadth of human communications research. Hopefully HCRs move outside of the U.S. will lead to more issues containing international research and cross-cultural studies. This might be beneficial to the understanding of human communications in which there are an increasing amount of global implications.

Nursing Shortage In The Present Generation †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Nursing Shortage In The Present Generation. Answer: Introduction: Nursing shortage can be defined as the situation where the demand ofnursing professionals likes that of the registered nurses, enrolled nurses and similar others are exceeding the supply of the nurses (McIntyre McDonald, 2014). This can take place locally, globally as well as nationally. Thenursing shortage can be identified from the analysis of nurse-patient ration, nurse-population ratio as well as the number of job openings available in the market (Rustoen, 2016). Canada has been suffering fromnursing shortage in the present generation that had affected safety of patients largely. This report will be mainly shedding light on the issue of nursing shortage. It will also provide the economical, political and cultural analysis leading to such a situation. The barriers of resolution of the issue will also be discussed and strategies would be provided by which the issue can be resolved. Articulating the issue: Statistical data has shown that in the early years of the 1990s, most of the regions, territories and provinces in Canada. Just after two decades, situations have become worse, where Canada is witnessing a growth in the issue of nursing shortage. Researchers are of the opinion that the aging nursing workforce is the main reason for the nursing shortage. They have also stated that even if new nursing professionals are trained, they will not be enough to overcome the offset of the huge number of nursing retirements that are anticipated (Bloomberg Stier, 2016). Further researchers who have conducted social analysis of the issue had stated that if the government or the concerned authorities publish no policy interventions, Canada would be witnessing a shortage of about 60,000 full time registered nurses in the year of 2022. Canadian Nurses association has provided this information. Canadian population is actually seeing a vast increase in the number of people over 65 due to the advancem ent of the medical science. The expectancy of life has increased and therefore older generation is living for a large expansion of time. However, the quality of the life of such individuals is quite poor and they have many medical as well as health needs. This will require the service of many nursing professionals to care for the patients (Gottlieb, 2016). Recent reforms in the healthcare systems have given scopes to millions of people in the nation to access the healthcare system. As a result, nursing shortage is a huge issue that needs to be solved. Analyzing the Issue: Nursing shortage has negative impacts on the health of the patients who get admissions in the hospitals. It disrupts the smooth workflow of the healthcare organizations as well. Researchers have often stated a number of disadvantages that affect healthcare organizations. Nursing shortages are seen to increase the workloads of the patients (McIntyre McDonald, 2014). This issue also enhances the risk for error that compromises the safety of patients. It also results in increase in the spreading of the infection to patients and staff (Lee et al., 2014). Nursing shortage forces few existing nurses to take huge amount of responsibilities that results them in burning out. This leads to many adverse outcomes like shock, cardiac arrests, pneumonia, urinary tract infections and many others among patients who take admissions in the healthcare centers. It also increases risk for occupational injuries where the burned out nurses may face severe emotional as well as physical stress in their live s. Such heavy pressures on the existing nurses and the various errors committed by them during caring for patients make them suffer from legal obligations. Their enthusiasm and confidence also become low for which nursing turnover results (Cox, Willis Costasse, 2014). This in turn results in higher costs for the healthcare system and even for the employers Social and Cultural Analysis of the Issue: The organizational culture as well as the working climate often becomes the major reason for nursing turnover and shortage of nurses. The working culture of many healthcare centers in the present days is critical to the new nurses who are joining the healthcare centers. This is said so because the senior nurses, nursing managers and others criticize the new nurses. They are criticized about their skills, their lack of knowledge and many others. Therefore, the seniors who should provide helping hands and guide the new nurses are in turn becoming difficult to them. Researchers have stated that many nurses who have left the organizations or are thinking of leaving the organization state bullying. They have stated that such behaviors affect their morale for which they cannot develop bonds with each other. Moreover violence at workplace both from fellow members and also from colleagues are also other reasons that cause nursing turnovers A second point that can be noted here is that the so ciety had never taken initiatives to promote nurse education and empower them. Lack of nursing empowerment is one of the social issues in the nation that affect the morale of the nurses. There are many areas where training resources are scarce and social attitudes result in inhibiting nurses for advocating patients or themselves. Perceptions like nursing being a peripheral, menial job for women with fewer other options has made nurses suffer from low confidence level and poor morale. Such perceptions have also obstructed adequate respect or resource for them. Poor empowerment and encouragement of the society affect the morale of the nursing professionals. As they do not get the respect and compassion from the society regarding their dedication, they suffer from poor morale. They feel overworked and suffer from burnout as their morals remain down. Moreover, lack of support from hospital authorities regarding intrinsic and extrinsic motivational factors also add to the poor condition of the morale of the nurses and they tend to leave their job or not dedicate themselves enough as expected from them. Economic analysis of the issues: Incentives and financial rewards are not provided to the nurse due to fund shortage for which the nurses not only get demotivated, develop poor morale and leave the job. Therefore, all theses result in increases nurse turnover and hence increased nurse shortage. Although the healthcare institutions try their best to accommodate funds to meet, the professionals need but lack of funds from governmental allotment affects the distribution of resources (Kydd et al., 2014).. Therefore, economic constraints and management issues result in tremendous pressure on nurses who tend to leave their jobs (McIntyre McDonald, 2014). Again, other cases are seen where the hospital authorities, to make more profit, restrict flow of resources that creates pressure on nurses and affect safety of patients. Therefore, hidden agendas are indeed there which though controversial can be observed in many cases. When the nurses do not get financial rewards for working extra shifts or delivering more services, th ey tend to get upset and leave their jobs due to such management issues and financial constraints. Political analysis: In many cases, it is seen that the higher officials are careless about the occupational health and safety of the nurses and provide a poor and unsafe workplace for the nurses. The employers are seen not to take initiatives for work health safety of the nurses that exposes them to accidents on the floor. Such working environment demoralizes them as they feel that the organization do not care for the safety of the nurses. The prevailing environment poses danger for the nurses with which they do not want to take chances. The officials do not conduct risk assessments for the safety of the nurses for which the nurses develop anguish over their seniors. Many of the healthcare organizations provide restricted resources to the nurses that are not enough for them to provide care to the patients which not only exposes the patients to unsafe treatment but also such workplace exposes nurses to legal obligations. Such incidents result in emotional turmoil, which make them leave their jobs. Other political issue that nurses face is the power struggles (Onouha et al., 2015). They face tremendous power struggles with physicians who try to override the suggestions and feedbacks of the nurses. The higher officials, physicians and other healthcare experts also practice dominancy and power over the nursing professionals for whom they become depressed and unhappy. This makes them leave their jobs. The officials do not plan any social activities for nurses, do not work and resolve concerns of individual nurses, fix supervisors for morale development, provide them flexible staffing and others. All these issues make the workplace culture monotonous for the nurses where they do not feel loved or respected. Such unsafe working environment becomes a major reason for nurses leaving their jobs. Fewer responsibilities by the higher authorities might benefit them but this affects the interest of nurses. Barriers to resolution: Improper work environment is one of the most important barriers that results in continuous nursing turnover. The officials still do not feel conducting work-health-safety analysis that exposes nurses to threats and accidents (McIntyre McDonald, 2014). The population of baby boomers is continuing to increase and so their healthcare needs are increasing. The nation cannot find out ways to provide high quality lives to such large population of old people and hence, it continues to act as barriers until the population getting affected is controlled. Funding system is yet another barrier for resolution of the issues (Sawatzky et al., 2014). Until the government does not understand the importance of increasing the funding system for allocation of nurses, their education in the universities, for their continuous professional development, nursing shortage cannot be overcome. Stigmatized society will continue to be a barrier until proper education is given to them. Resolution: The government should provide adequate funding which helps in developing a working environment that is free from any sort of risks and safety hazards. They must conduct an analysis of the requirement of funding for every health organization and thereby develop ways by which they can collect the fund and hence provide them to healthcare organizations. A policy should be developed at the national level by which the employers could understand how to create quality work environments, attract new recruits, and retain experienced nurse at the same time (McIntyre McDonald, 2014). The human resource management should take care of recruiting a proper skill mix of nurses so that nurses do not have to conduct an activity that is outside their comfort zone (Glasper, 2016). This would prevent nurses from burning out. Unions and professional associations should support the nursing professionals by working in partnership with the governments thereby creating creative work schedules, providing memb ers with educational supports and professional development options and other social support (McIntyre McDonald, 2014). Societies should be educated about how to empower nursing professionals, as they are the individuals who care for the social beings when they become ill (Zboril et al., 2016). Conclusion: Nursing shortage has become one of the leading causes of concern in the nation. This are affecting the safety of the patients making them suffer and lead poor quality lives. Nursing turnovers are taking place as the exposing nurses are leaving their jobs due to burnouts. In sufficient funding system, one of the main reason that is resulting in nursing shortage as nurses are paid less or trends of short staffing are encouraged. Nurses also suffer from power struggles with their higher officials who dominate them. This factor results in development of anguish and disappointment among the nurses. Moreover, stigmatization among the societies over the profession of nursing does not allow the nurses to feel empowered. Moreover, the decision makers also do not understand the importance of proper patient nurse ratio and hence encourage short staffing. All these factors need to be addresses and effective initiatives should be taken to overcome the issues. References: Blomberg, H., Stier, J. (2016). Metaphorical expressions used in Swedish news media narratives to portray the shortage of nurses and their working conditions.Journal of advanced nursing, Vol: 72(2), pp 382-395. DOI:10.1111/jan.12839 Boamah, S. A., Laschinger, H. (2016). The influence of areas of worklife fit and work?life interference on burnout and turnover intentions among new graduate nurses.Journal of nursing management,Vol: 24(2). DOI:10.1111/jonm.12318 Cox, P., Willis, W. K., Coustasse, A. (2014). The American epidemic: The US nursing shortage and turnover problem. Retrieved from: https://mds.marshall.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1125context=mgmt_faculty Glasper, A. (2016). Will nursing shortages threaten the integrity and functioning of the NHS?.British Journal of Nursing, Vol: 25(8), pp 458-459. https://doi.org/10.12968/bjon.2016.25.8.458 Gottlieb, L. N. (2016). Shortage of Nurses, Shortage of Nursing.Canadian Journal of Nursing Research Archive, Vol: 32(3). Retrieved from: https://cjnr.archive.mcgill.ca/article/viewFile/1585/1585 Kydd, A., Engstrm, G., Touhy, T. A., Newman, D., Skela-Savi?, B., Touzery, S. H., ... Fagerberg, I. (2014). Attitudes of nurses, and student nurses towards working with older people and to gerontological nursing as a career in Germany, Scotland, Slovenia, Sweden, Japan and the United States.International Journal of Nursing Education, Vol: 6(2), pp 177-185. DOI :10.5958/0974-9357.2014.00630.8 Lee, T., Kang, K. H., Ko, Y. K., Cho, S. H., Kim, E. Y. (2014). Issues and challenges of nurse workforce policy: a critical review and implication.Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration, Vol: 20(1), pp 106-116. https://doi.org/10.11111/jkana.2014.20.1.106 McIntyre, M., McDonald, C. (2014).Realities of Canadian nursing. Lippincott Williams Wilkins. Retrieved from: https://books.google.co.in/books?hl=enlr=id=kdZLpKyys-ICoi=fndpg=PP2dq=realities+of+canadian+nursing+4th+edition++by+Marjorie+Mclntyreots=kyZ7S1-bpZsig=YcY_m1QRsajk3tvrDBGWlaOF87Aredir_esc=y#v=onepageqf=false Onuoha, P. C., Ramcharan, M., London, N., Ramlal, I., Sheen-Daniel, L. A., Ezenwaka, C. E. (2015). Motivational factors and techniques at the workplace: perspectives of nurses in two major hospitals in Trinidad.Asian Journal of Science and Technology, Vol: 6(5), 1388-1392. Retrieved from: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Philip_Onuoha/publication/278156797_Motivational_factors_and_techniques_at_the_workplace_perspectives_of_nurses_in_two_major_hospitals_in_Trinidad/links/59514f13a6fdcc218d24bfcf/Motivational-factors-and-techniques-at-the-workplace-perspectives-of-nurses-in-two-major-hospitals-in-Trinidad.pdf Rusten, T. (2016). Low back pain among nurses: Common cause of lost days at work and contributing to the worldwide shortage of nurses.Scandinavian journal of pain, Vol: 11(1), pp 135-135. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjpain.2016.01.005 Sawatzky, J. A. V., Enns, C. L., Legare, C. (2015). Identifying the key predictors for retention in critical care nurses.Journal of advanced nursing, Vol: 71(10), pp 2315-2325. DOI:10.1111/jan.12701 Shamian, J., Kerr, M. S., Laschinger, H. K. S., Thomson, D. (2016). A hospital-level analysis of the work environment and workforce health indicators for registered nurses in Ontario's acute-care hospitals.Canadian Journal of Nursing Research Archive, Vol: 33(4). Retreived from: https://cjnr.archive.mcgill.ca/article/view/1657/1657 Zboril-Benson, L. R. (2016). Why nurses are calling in sick: the impact of health-care restructuring.Canadian Journal of Nursing Research Archive, vol 33(4). Retrieved from: https://cjnr.archive.mcgill.ca/article/view/1660/1660