Marketing Pencil

INDEX †¢ Acknowledgement †¢ Executive Summary †¢ Introduction to the market †¢ Definition to the marketing plan †¢ Impact of Environmental factors †¢ Marketing Plan for pencils †¢ Category analysis †¢ Current market situation †¢ Customer analysis †¢ Marketing strategy †¢ Product development process †¢ Brand name, Brand equity, Brand image †¢ Segmentation and Targeting †¢ Profile of rural market in general †¢ Marketing Mix and Integrated Marketing Communication †¢ Conclusion ACKNOWLEDGEMENT We extent our thanks to Mrs. Saima Hussain faculty guide who has given me moral support to do my project work.We also extend our thankfulness to our beloved parents and friends for their continuous encouragement at every moment It is our privilege to express our profound in deftness, deep sense of gratitude to our facility guide who had trusts in our ability in assigning us such an important and interesting project and also for allotting time for discussing and clarifying issues related to this project. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY A marketing plan is a written document that contains the guidelines for the business centers and allocation over the planning period. This project is made on the basis for the marketing plan for the pencils.In our project our company is i. e. , of Torres are introducing their new pencils product. The names of the pencils are the ‘Shesham pencils’. If our company introduces new pencils and have to sell it in the market then we have to firstly write down a market plan for it. That means we have to analyze the current market situation i. e. ? We have to analyze the impact of the micro environment, macro environment. ? We have to analyze the needs of the consumers and then do segmentation, target and positioned the market. ? We have to do surveys for knowing the needs of the peoples.The more concise a marketing plan is the better it will serve you. These are the guideline s for writing a strategic marketing plan that meets the specific requirements of your business. We will take you through the development process step-by-step with easy to follow planning sheets to lead you through each stage. After that we have to choose different modes of communication for the sale, promotion of our product. The format includes a fully developed sample plan and is designed to meet the needs of most types of businesses although the emphasis on different aspects of the plan will vary from one business type to another.MARKET PLANNING FOR THE PENCILS (SHESHAM PENCILS) INTRODUCTION:Bangladesh is always said a country of villages and it is fact as Bangladesh 60% of population lives in villages, and it is said that rural market has been growing at five times the pace of the urban market more government rural development initiatives have been seen to increase rural markets. MARKET: Traditionally, a market was a physical place where buyers and sellers gather to buy and sell goods. Economist describes a market as a collection of buyers and sellers who transact over a particular Product or product class.Manufactures go to resources, marketer buy resources and turn them into good and services. MARKET PLANNING: It is well and good to include marketing in your business and a lot a few hours a day to do marketing tasks. But if we do not organize our market plan our efforts won/t get nearly as far as putting . Marketing plan in writing gives you a guideline to work from and it provides goal to strive for and it organize all those creative ideas you have floating around your brain. Firms that is successful in marketing businesses starts with marketing plan.Marketing plan cannot be made without involving many people into it. No matter what kind of feedback you get from all parts of your company. This is as important because it take all aspects of your company to make your marketing plan. Your key people can provide realistic impact on what’s achievable and how achievable and how your goals can be worked out. From all the things we can concluded that market plan is very necessary for the successful running of any business operation and to achieve various goals of the business operations in a right manner and in right ways.DEFINITION OF MARKETING PLAN: ‘A marketing plan is a written document containing the guidelines for the business centers marketing programs and allocation over the planning period’ THE IMPACT OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS: There are two keys perspectives on the marketing environment. , namely the micro environment and macro environment: MICRO ENVIRONMENT: This environment influences the organization directly . It includes suppliers that deal directly and indirectly with consumers and customers and other local stake holders. Micro environment tends to suggest the small but this can be misleading.In context, micro describes the relationship between firms consumers and customers directly or indirectly, and ot her local stakeholders. This includes all factors that can influence an organization, but that are out of their direct control. A company does not generally influence any laws (although it is accepted that they could lobby or be part of a trade organization). It is continuously changing, and the company needs to be flexible to adapt. There may be aggressive competition and rivalry in a market. Globalization means that there is always the threat of substitute products and new entrants. The wider nvironment is also changing, and the marketer needs to compensate for changes in culture, politics, economics and technology. All factors that are internal to the organization are known as the ‘internal environment'. They are generally audited by applying the ‘Five Ms' which are Men, Money, Machinery, Materials and Markets. The internal environment is as important for managing change in the external environment. As marketers we call the process of managing internal change is calle d internal marketing. MACRO ENVIRONMENT: Macro environment includes all the external factors that affect our product .The macro environment includes the factors like technology, political, geographical, and ecological and socio cultural factors that have an impact on the manufacturing of the product. In the manufacturing of pencils we have to keep in the mind that the sociological environment, the society has been changed and due to this the needs, demands of the customers are also changed. Different kinds of pencils are made according to the need and standards of the peoples. Now a high class person wants pencils which are of high quality and provides better services. The middle class peoples want a pencil that are of low price and is not very expensive.So manufacturer produces the pencils in keeping all these things in mind. The pencils are produced with accordance of the new technology. MARKET PLAN FOR PENCILS: If our company introduces new pencils and have to sell it in the mark et then we have to firstly write down a market plan for it. That means we have to analyze the current market situation i. e. ? We have to analyze the impact of the micro environment, macro environment. ? We have to analyze the needs of the consumers and then do segmentation, target and positioned the market. ? We have to do surveys for knowing the needs of the peoples.The more concise a marketing plan is the better it will serve you. These are the guidelines for writing a strategic marketing plan that meets the specific requirements of your business. We will take you through the development process step-by-step with easy to follow planning sheets to lead you through each stage. After that we have to choose different modes of communication for the sale, promotion of our product. The format includes a fully developed sample plan and is designed to meet the needs of most types of businesses although the emphasis on different aspects of the plan will vary from one business type to anoth er.PROCESS OF MARKET PLAN CATEGORY ANALYSIS: The product of our company is the pencils. Our company is introducing a new product of Torres pencils with new unique features, and size. Our company is providing better and unique features to our customers. The competitors of our company are the other pencils stores like, GOLDFISH pencils, and DOLLAR pencils. MARKET SURVEY/ CURRENT MARKET SITUATIONS: Market survey is the first step in the market planning . Our Company conducted the market survey for knowing ? The need in the current market situation. To analyze what are the different kinds or types of pencils which are present in the current time in the market. ? The different kinds of features of the pencils, their prices. NEEDS, WANTS AND DEMANDS OF THE CUSTOMERS: The market plan will be started before the manufacturing of the particular product. If we have to make any kind of pencils products, we have to analyze the needs, demands and wants of the customers. Needs are the basic human requirements. Needs are then converted into wants. Demands are the wants for specific products backed by the ability to pay.We start our market plan by analyzing that whether there is a need; want among the customers for the pencils we decide to manufacture and for that we conduct survey, market research for knowing the needs of the customers. For that we have to visit the schools, and may know the needs of the children by Putting them questions and having their suggestions that what kind of pencils they want for writing ,and knowing from them that what are the difficulties they get from their previous pencils while writing. We need to have different types of people which are using pencils to know their needs.After collecting all the information we have to get a result for knowing the needs, wants, and demands of the customers and get ready for making pencils according to the needs wants and demands of the customers. COMPETITOR ANALYSIS: The analysis of the competitor is very import ant aspect because through it we come to know that that our competitor is. The main competitors of our pencils are the other pencils company like GOLDFISH pencils and DOLLAR pencils which are having good position in the market. Our company has to include all those factors in our pencils by which our product look unique and different.Determining the â€Å"Marketing Mix† Product Price Promotion Distribution Goldfish Rs 5 High High Dollar Rs 4 Average Average CUSTOMERS ANANLYSIS: Our Company is targeting different types of customers according to their needs and wants. We are targeting the students of school, colleges. E. G—–Children’s like pencils having shapes of toys and other attracting things.The persons who have to work in the offices like simple pencils . Other professionals like different kinds of pencils so pencils are made according to the needs and wants of these different consumers. ESTABLISHING OBJECTIVES: The main objectives of our company are a s follows: ? To provide better services to our customers. ? To provide quality pencils to our target customers at the reasonable prices. ? To build a good image in the minds of our customers. ? To increase sales of our product. ? To generate revenues and profits by the sale of our pencils.MARKETING STRATEGIES: For the introduction of new product in the market we have to develop a preliminary strategy plan for introducing our new pencils in the market. The plan consists of three parts. 1. First part describes target market’s size, structure, and behavior of the planned product positioning and sales, market share, and profits and the goals sought in the few years by our product. Therefore the target market for our pencil is mainly the children’s of schools and colleges. We will analyze the benefit which comes out by the sale of the pencils. 2. The second part outlines the planned price, distribution strategy, and marketing budget for the first years. This part describes that what are the features or special points of the pencils which we have to made . In it we determine the prices of our different kinds of pencils. Like we determine that the cost of our pencil is Rs 2 each but if the customers buy the box there cost will be of Rs 8. 00 with a sharpener and eraser free. In it we also determine the different kinds of expenses which are to done for the introduction of our pencils in the market.Like the expenses done on the sale, promotion, advertisement of pencils in print media. That what are the profits which come to us by the sale of the pencils. As we see that during the first year a substantial amount will be spent on marketing research by audits and consumers panel data to monitor market reaction and buying rates. The entire budget is made in keeping eye on all these things. 3. The third part of the market strategy plan describes the long run sales and profits goals and market mix strategy over time. As we see that our products would be selling at a very good rate and giving us lots of profits.So we can invest more and more money in it and tries to improve the quality of our pencils by adding new features in it . We will make the product mix and decided to make new kinds of pencils with new innovations and additional features. Market strategy plan is very essential in the business for the proper allocation of revenues, expenditure from the product. It determines all the expenditure done for the sale of our pencils in the market. It also describes that to which segment of the customers we have to sell our pencils and at what price. MANAGING THE DEVELOPMENT PROCESS:Up to now the product has existed in only as a word description. The next step involves the jump in the investment that dwarfs the cost incurred in the earlier stages. At this stage the company will determine whether the product idea can be translated into a technically and commercially feasible product. In this step we have to make our ideas, plans about the pen cils in truth. In other word we make our pencils according to needs and demands of the customers. PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT: The development of the pencils starts at this step. The jobs of translating target customers requirement are helpful in making of our pencils.We analyze all the collected data from different kinds of customers and make our pencils according to their needs. E. g. The customers have said that they faces a lots of problems during writing because their pencils do not work properly, the points of the pencils get damaged during their writing time due to which they faces a lots of problems. From this we get an idea to use that kind of lead in our pencils which is of high quality and would not get damaged while writing. We adopt the quality function method for manufacturing of our pencils. We develop a pencils according to view taken by the peoples during market research.PRODUCT MIX: In product mix we include that what are the additional benefits that we are providing to ou r customer along with our original products i. e. , in it we can provide some additional services to our customers along with our pencils. We can give customer free sharpener and eraser with the one box of pencils. Along with one pencils peoples gets a free attached eraser. By adding these additional things in our pencils the customers get happy, and it will definitely results in the increase of the customers loyalty towards our product. It will also be helpful in retaining the attention of the customers towards our product.PRODUCT STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESS: Product strengths and weakness describes the strengths of our pencils that what makes our pencils different from other pencils and what is our weaknesses when compared with others. STRENGTHS OF OUR PRODUCT; We should add what kind of features in our pencils that should act as strength of our pencils. We raise the length of our pencils, and provides different shapes of pencils which distinct our pencils different from others pencils . The offer of giving a free sharpener and an eraser is also helpful in attracting the consumers towards our product.As more and more customer are getting our pencils , these all results in increasing sale of the product and increasing revenues of the company. WEAKNESS OF OUR PRODUCT Our company should also analyze the weakness of our product: The main weakness may comes during the sale of the pencils that when we offer a free eraser and sharpener with our pencils whether the company may faces a lot of expenditure. These activities involve the wastage of money by the company. The pencils of other companies like GOLDFISH Pencils and DOLLAR Pencils are the main competitors of our company.Our company has to add the extra features in our product so that our product gets a different position as compared to our competitor’s product. PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE MANAGEMENT AND NEW PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT- In the product life cycle management we can describes the product and determines for how muc h time we should sale our product in the market, whether for a long time or for short period of time. A company positioning and differentiation strategy must change as the product, market, and competitors change over the product life cycle.To say that the products have a life cycle it asserts four things: 1. Product has a limited life. 2. Product sale pass through distinct stages and each positioning asserts different challenges, opportunities and problems to the seller. 3. Profits raises and fall at different stages of the product life cycle. 4. Product required different marketing, financial, manufacturing, purchasing and human resource strategies in each life cycle stages. Product life cycle of the pencils depends upon the needs of our customers that for how much time our product should remain in the market.If our pencils do not satisfy the needs of the customers it may comes in the decline stage that results in the extinction of our pencils in the market. Because the customers a re not satisfied by our products their demand gets changed due to which our pencils comes in the decline stage. INTRODUCTION: At the introduction period there is the slow sale growth of the pencils. At this stage the profits are nonexistent because of the heavy expenses of product introduction. In this phase the customers are not much aware about our pencils.Large amount of advertisement expense, discounts are given by our company to create awareness of the customers towards our pencils. GROWTH: Rapid market acceptance and substantial profits improvements at growth the product is selling at a high rate. MATURITY: A slowdown in the sale growths shows the maturity period. As the sale of our pencils are not undergoing up to the mark. The customers are now not satisfied by our pencils, the pencils do not function according to their needs, which results in the slowdown in the sale of our pencils. The sale declines with the arrival of competitors in the market.It may seen that if the new company may introduce a new pencils with new and better features it will results in the decline in the sale of the pencils of our product. DECLINE: Decline shows the downward drift and profits erode. At this point the profit from the existing product comes to zero. This stage comes due to the arrival of new competitors in the market and when the customer satisfactions from our pencils are not up to the mark. This stage may come when our pencil do not gives full satisfaction to the consumers. Decline may also comes when the taste and preferences of the consumers gets change.If the decline stage may come in the existing product life it is good for our company to develop a new product according to the needs of the peoples and providing better services to the customers. BRAND NAME, BRAND EQUITY AND BRAND IMAGE: Brand is the name ,term, sign, symbol or design or the combination that tends to the goods and services of one seller or group of seller and to differentiate them from others tho se of competitors. A brand is the thus product or service that add dimensions that differentiate it in some way from others products or services designed to satisfy the same needs.These differences may be functional, rational, or tangible related to product performance of the brand. We give our pencils as the name’ ‘SHESHAM PENCILS’ it’s a new product of Torres pencil company. Branding may helps the consumers to identify our product . The consumers starts finding about the brand satisfy their needs and which ones do not. The brand name can be protected through registered trademarks, and packing can be protected through copyrights and designs. SEGMENTATION AND TARGETING MARKET SEGMENTATION Market segmentation is one of the steps that go into defining and targeting specific markets.It is the process of dividing a market into a distinct group of buyers that require different products or marketing mixes. A key factor to success in today's market place is findi ng subtle differences to give a business the marketing edge. Businesses that target specialty markets will promote its products and services more effectively than a business aiming at the â€Å"average† customer. Opportunities in marketing increase when segmented groups of clients and customers with varying needs and wants are recognized. Markets can be segmented or targeted using a variety of factor. The bases for segmenting consumer markets include: Demographical bases (age, family size, life cycle, occupation) †¢ Geographical bases (states, regions, countries) †¢ Behavior bases (product knowledge, usage, attitudes, responses) †¢ Psychographic bases (lifestyle, values, personality) A business must analyze the needs and wants of different market segments before determining their own niche. To be effective in market segmentation keeps the following things in mind: †¢ Segments or target markets should be accessible to the business †¢ Each segmented gro up must be large enough to provide a solid customer base. Each segmented group requires a separate marketing plan. Large companies segment their markets by conducting extensive market research projects. This research is often too expensive for small businesses to invest in, but there are alternative ways for to a small business to segment their markets. A small business can do the following to gain knowledge and information on how to segment their markets: 1. Use secondary date resources and qualitative research. You can use the following resources for external secondary data: o Trade and association publications and experts o Basic research publications External measurement services 1. Conduct informal factor and cluster analysis by: o Watching key competitors marketing efforts and copying them. o Talking to key trade buyers about new product introductions o Conducting needs analysis from qualitative research with individuals and groups. There are many reasons for dividing marketin g into smaller segments. Any time you suspect there are significant, measurable differences in your market you should consider market segmentation. By doing this you will make marketing easier, discover niche markets, and become more efficient with your marketing resources.TARGETING: By doing the segmentation we target the consumers where we have to sell our pencils. The main target are the school children’s and college student and there teachers and professors. In it we have to remain aware of our competitors in order to take competitive advantage and we should be also aware about the consumers who would be buying our product. Why our Company go to rural market? The cost of going global is very high, and it is difficult to gauge markets in other countries. It is better to target the rural market as it is growing by the day.Today rural markets are as critical as urban markets. The rural markets provide better opportunities. In village vast competition exists. Different compan ies come with different flavors. So people have ample choice. With only around 100000 of the 638667 villages tapped so far there are huge potential and market areas. So we get high percentage of total market though profit margin is less. Now a day’s villager also spends on luxury & comfort products. After all Dettol is a one type of necessity product. As it plays a role of anti-septic medicine.Media also plays an important role in promotion of goods. The growing reach of the electronic media has created a huge change in the lifestyle of rural consumer. Profile of rural market in general:- The rural market of Pakistan is large and scattered, in the sense that it consist of over 63 core consumers from 6, 38,365 villages spread throughout the country. Nearly 60% of the rural income is from agriculture. Hence rural prosperity is tied with agricultural prosperity. During the harvest season, the demand for consumer goods in village goes up.The population securing income from non-ag ricultural sector is now increasing due to rural development programs. The consumers in the village areas do have a low standard of living because of low literacy, low per capita income, social backwardness, low savings, etc. The rural consumer values old customs and traditions. A change is beginning to take place in their outlook because of growth in literacy rate and mass media in the rural areas. Rural consumers have diverse socio-economic background. This is different in different parts of the country. This brings diversity among rural customers and market.The demand pattern of the rural consumers is fast changing. There is new and growing demand for toiletries, ready-made garments, cosmetics, packaged foodstuffs, etc. this change is due to increase in rural income. The infrastructural facilities like roads, warehouses, communication system, and financial facilities are inadequate in rural areas. Hence physical distribution becomes costly due to inadequate infrastructural facili ties. The saving habit of the rural community is increasing in the recent years as a result of the efforts put by co-operative and commercial banksMarketing Mix: PRODUCT: A business needs to consider the products that it produces and the stage of the product life cycle that a product is at. Marketing strategies will vary according to the type of product and its stage in the life cycle. 1. Pencils are very convenient to use and will be easy for customers also to use this product. 2. By providing good quality of Pencils, students will be attracted towards writing and will also be encouraged. 3. Pencils are available in different colors, so a person has choices to select various types in one particular product. . Pencils are available in different prices, so people can buy it as per their affordability. [pic] PLACE: This generally refers to the physical locations of product sales as well as the methods of distribution. However, it is also considered to be the â€Å"place† or â⠂¬Å"position† in the market of the product; refer to information below. Businesses need to make many decisions related to â€Å"place†: access, parking, competition, physical location etc. It’s the most important P in the pencil wars — Place. And nothing evokes more passion in distribution.We have chosen the different zones especially south schools and colleges and west zones as keen interest is shown by nearby villages of it. We had chosen these places due to following reasons: In these areas literacy rate is better than other areas. â€Å"So WHERE THERE IS WILL, THERE IS A WAY†. As people living in this area have mostly standard income so they can purchase our product â€Å"pencils† as they are cheaply and in a better way available. There is a lot of scope of expansion as these areas are surrounded by various other villages so great scope of expansion is there.PRICE: Most businesses use a â€Å"cost plus† method for setting the price s of their products. This involves determining unit production costs and then adding in a profit margin. However, many other factors are involved. Consider â€Å"perceived price† (what you think consumers will be prepared to pay), demand elasticity (is it elastic or inelastic? ), competitors' pricing (can you afford to undercut their prices? ), pricing objectives (what do you want to achieve increased market share? increased profits? market leadership? etc. ) Example:Price is the only factor which decides the presence of the product in the rural market. As people are having standard purchasing power, low income or high group of income persons etc. can afford Shesham pencils as they are available cheaply and in a better way. Hence keeping all the dynamic factors we have decided to go for penetration pricing for our product. We have decided to go with the application of penetration pricing as the people in the rural area are having low income, low purchasing power and we are ne wly entering the market. The pricing will be in way: Small pencils: 1 pencil = RS. . /- 10 pencils of pencils box = RS. 9/- Large pencils: 1 pencils = RS. 4/- 10 pencils of pencils box= RS. 16/- PROMOTION: Promotion is said to be the vital for all companies until now the promotional tools have been acted as the targeting tool used to attract huge demand for rural people and also huge demand for company’s product. The promotional strategies are as follows:- A new innovative broad aspect followed by me to attract huge attraction towards my product will be the use of tree borders. e will make use of tree borders as in rural areas mostly there are villages surrounded by huge and number of trees, so the hoardings at tree border will definitely attract huge demand. We will be putting hoardings on retail shops so that whenever the customer comes over the shop they should easily come to know about the arrival of new Pencils i. e. â€Å"name of the pencils† in the market. We w ill also promote my product through wall paintings. As wall paintings lasts for longer time and through this maximum customer can be attracted.There are some other strategies also like, The role of the influencer or influencing communication cannot be ignored as far as rural Pakistan is concerned. The advertisements that revolve around this very strategy actually depend on the influence of different influential people and/or events in the villages to put across the message powerfully with more effect and purchase intention. An example of this kind of advertisement may be brand endorsement by any influential person in the village like the ‘Intellectual Chaudary’ or the ‘school master’. Events like different festivals and different games and sports competitions actually have a high participation level in the rural Pakistan, as other sources of entertainment are very less in those areas. So, these events and shows offer great opportunity to reach rural Pakist an cost effectively. Different brands sponsor different events and shows in rural villages, which is actually a cost-effective way to advertise with the participatory strategy. Many brands are venturing into different ways to educate their rural consumers about their brands and their usage through different shows and events.This kind of initiatives actually creates huge awareness about the brand among the interested people in the rural Pakistan. Different health related advertisements like Polio awareness and AIDS awareness programmes involve a ‘show-n-tell’ strategy of advertising. It includes Press and print, TV, Cinema, Radio, and Point of purchase and Outdoor advertisement. Reach of formal media is low in rural households (Print: 18%, TV: 27%, Cinema: 30%, and Radio: 37%) and therefore the marketer has to consider the following points: English newspapers and magazines have negligible circulation in rural areas.However local language newspapers and magazines are bec oming popular among educated facilities in rural areas. It has made a great impact and large audience has been exposed to this medium. Organizations have been using TV to communicate with the rural masses. Lifebuoy, Lux, Dalda oil etc. are some of the products advertised via television. Many consumer goods companies and fertilizer companies are using these TV channels to reach the rural customer. Radio reaches large population in rural areas at a relatively low cost. Example: Colgate, Brite total, Shan Masala industries are some of the companies using radio communication programme.The farmers have a habit of listening to regional news/agricultural news in the morning and the late evening. The advertisement has to be released during this time to get maximum coverage in rural areas. Another advantage is that the radio commercial can be prepared at short notice to meet the changing needs of the rural folk. Example: Release of a pesticide ad at the time of outbreak of a pest or diseas e in crops. [pic] This form of media, which includes signboards, wall painting, hoarding, tree boards, bus boards, dealer boards, product display boards etc. , is cost effective in rural areas.Symbols, pictures and colors should be used in POPs meant for rural markets so that they can easily identify the products. Generally rural people prefer bright colors and the marketer should utilize such cues. Display of hangings, festoons and product packs in the shops will catch the attention of prospective buyers. However a clutter of such POP materials of competing companies will not have the desired effect and is to be avoided. It is a way of passing on information relating to goods or services for sale, directly to potential customers through the medium of post. It is a medium employed by the advertiser to bring in a personal touch.In cities lot of junk mail is received by all of us and very often such mails are thrown into the dustbin whereas a villager get very few letters and he is re ceptive to such mailers. It is an effective and economical medium for communication in rural areas, since it stays there for a long time depending upon the weather conditions. The cost of painting one square foot area is just Rs. 10. Retailers welcome painting of their shops so that the shop will look better. Walls of farm houses, shops and schools are ideal places for painting and the company need not have to pay any rent for the same.The walls have to be painted at least one or two feet from ground level. It is better to take permission of the owner. Very often the owner takes responsibility for taking care of the wall painting. Paintings are to be avoided during election time and rainy season. The matter should be in the form of pictures, slogans for catching the attention of people. Companies marketing TV, fans, branded coffee/tea, toothpaste, pesticides, fertilizers etc. use wall painting as promotion medium in rural areas. These are painted boards of about two square feet in d imension having the picture or name or slogan of the product painted on it.The cost of such a painted board is about Rs. 80. These boards are fixed to the trees on both sides of the village road at a height of about 10 feet from ground level. These boards attract the attention of slow moving vehicles like cycles, bullock carts and tractors and people walking on the road. The condition of roads, even the buses move at slow speed through village road. Fertilizer and pesticide companies in rural areas extensively use tree boards. These are low priced promotion items and can be used by consumer goods companies too. [pic]These media with effective reach and personalized communication will help in realizing the promotional objectives. Companies to suit the specific requirements of rural communication are using a variety of such media effectively and some of the more important media and methods are given below. Rural people prefer face-to-face communication and farm visits facilitate two-w ay communication. The advantage is that the sales person can understand the needs and wants of the rural customer by directly discussing with him and answer his queries on products and services. Potential customers in the illage are identified and the company’s/distributor’s representative makes farm-to-farm visits and highlight the benefits of the products. The person carries with him literature in local language and also samples of products. The person does not sell the product but only promotes the use of the product. Very often the local dealer also joins the representative in making farm-to-farm visits. The dealer clarifies the terms and conditions of sale and also makes independent follow up visits for securing orders. [pic] Group meetings of rural customers as well as prospects are an important part of interpersonal media.The company is able to pass on the message regarding benefits of the products to a large number of customers through such meetings. Group meet ing of key customers are conducted by banks, agricultural inputs and machinery companies in rural areas. The bankers visit an identified village, get the village people in a common place and explain the various schemes to the villagers. Such meetings could be organized in prosperous villages for promoting consumer durables and two wheelers also. Example: Millat Tractors conduct a meeting for tractor owners and they meet in villages to discuss repairs and maintenance of tractors. [pic]Package is an integral part of the product. Its main purpose is to protect the product during transit, to preserve the quality and to avoid any loss in quality and quantity. The main purpose of this contest is to remind the customer to buy the product as soon as he enters the shop. Another objective is to influence the dealer to stock the product and support the company in increasing the sales. The display contest has to be announced well in advance and promotional materials to be distributed to all the selected dealers in a geographical area. Prizes for best displays are announced to motivate the dealers; the contest lasts for about a month.A well-planned product display contest not only increases the involvement of dealers in the company’s products but also increases the sales during the contest period. This is used for promoting consumer goods such as shampoos, soaps and toothpaste Each rural market segment has certain special features i. e. they share common life-style traits. They include village sports, religious events, prominent personalities and role models. Examples: Textile mills maintaining community gardens, Mineral water companies supplying clean drinking water during summer festivals in villages and Consumer goods companies sponsoring Kabaddi. pic] PACKAGING: The Silent sales man: What does a sales man do when you go to a shop or he comes to your house, he first s how’s you the product then starts to tell you the features of the product like its brand name, method of production, ingredients (if it is eatable), price etc. In short he tries to persuade you to buy his product, this same activity is performed by packets of any product but without any use of language this is called silent salesman ship Thus we say that â€Å"packaging – A silent salesman† pic] Packaging is done for the three reasons: – 1) To protect the product 2) To make the product easy to carry 3) To make the product attractive. Pencils do not require heavy packaging but still we have come up with the two packaging strategies for our pencils: – 1) To have a packet of 3 pencils sets 2) To have a packet of 10 pencils sets. The rural Bangladesh is not much developed; hence their purchasing power is also not high. Hence, for their convenience we have come up with these packaging strategies.This was also done to reduce the cost of the product so as to supply the product at cheap rates and also for a profitable deal for our company. FEATURES O F PENCIL The pencil is used for writing and if the writing is not dark i. e. it is light then the reader will not be able to understand the written matter. Hence we have invented the pencil which would be darker than any other pencil. The goods which are cheaply available with no compromise in quality then those goods or products are liked by every consumer. This is the reason why we are coming up with a pencil which would be cheaper.The body of the pencil would be covered with velvet piece or a rubber piece to make the pencil body of either velvet or rubber. This is the extra feature added because this would help the writer to have a firm hold over the pencil and to write faster. The body and its shape also add to the beauty of the product. Hence it is said that in the business world what ever is seen is taken. So the shape or the body of the pencil would be squared shaped which is not at all seen in the market till the date. The pencil is seemed to be incomplete without the rubb er.The writer might commit a mistake while writing and hence to correct the same rubber is provided at the end point of the pencil so that there is not an extra expenditure on the purchase of the rubbers. This pencil would be extra long then any other pencil and also at the minimum cost. So with that the buyer would be able to enjoy the good writer pencil for a longer period of time. This pencil would be available at each and every store of the rural market so that there are no extra efforts taken by the customer to come at a long distance for the purchase of this unique pencil.The pencil is a kind of a product which is mostly used by children and the children enjoy watching cartoons or such characters which seems to be funny. So then the children are going to get their favorite cartoon characters on this lovely pencil which is effectively made for kids but it is not that only kids could enjoy the writing with this pencil but it is for everyone to enjoy the writing with this penci l. The pencil has come up with new innovative feature of fragrance. This means that kids will enjoy good hand writing with sweet fragrance.This is an added advantage to our product as this idea is not applied to any of the pencil to the date. [pic] Conclusion: Thus looking at the challenges and the opportunities which rural markets offer to the marketers it can be said that the future is very promising for those who can understand the dynamics of rural markets and exploit them to their best advantage. A radical change in attitudes of marketers towards the vibrant and burgeoning rural markets is called for, so they can successfully impress on the millions rural consumers spread over approximately thousands of villages in rural Bangladesh.Eurosif European Social Investment Hamida Kawser Student of UIU Second samaster BBA Departmeny Road Number 27 Dhanmondi Dhaka 30. 03. 2013 Respected Sir. I am submitting you my report on automobile companies and associated risk and opportunities the se pose for long-term return. Perpose behind preparing automobile report is to have an idea about how automobile companies grew through decades. So that we can use this quality information in Bangladesh industry and even in our personnal business field. ———————– [pic] [pic] [pic]

Thomas Paine African Slavery in America (1775)

Name: Danielle Kissi Course: Introduction to Law Professor: April Pitts Date: 10/30/2012 Assignment: Brief a Case page 282 Case Name: Gnazzo v. G. D. Searle & Co. 973 F 2nd 136 1992 U. S. App. Lexis 19453 United States Court of Appeals, Second Circuit Facts: In 1974, Gnazzo had an IUD implanted in her uterus as a contraceptive device. In 1975, Gnazzo experience painful cramping which turned out to be Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID). Although she suffered another PID infection later, she continued to use the IUD until December 1977.In 1989, a fertility specialist told Gnazzo she was infertile because of the PID that resulted from the use of the IUD. Later that year, Gnazzo answered an attorney questionnaire stating that she first suspected the IUD had caused her infertility in 1981 after researching the product over the internet. In 1990, Gnazzo initiated a complaint against Searle; the maker of the IUD. Searle said Gnazzo’s claim was time-barred by a 3 year statute of li mitations for product liability actions.Procedural History: The District court granted summary judgment and found that Gnazzo did not have a case against Searle because of the statute of limitations. Gnazzo Appealed. Issue: Did the statute of limitations begin to run when the defendant first suspected harm had resulted from the product or when her suspicions were validated by a medical specialist? Holding: Yes, according to the Connecticut Law, the statute of limitations (3 years) begins to run when the plaintiff discovers some form of actionable harm.Subject case matter is remanded to the District court to hear the case and start the procedure to determine the limitation between the parties. Rationale: This case is the second impression of the court. The court has heard a case-matter about the statute of limitation. The District Court by the Connecticut law, apply the state of limitation because Gnazzo the plaintiff knew since 1981 that she suffered from the UID, but she wait until a specialist confirmed her that the IUD caused her an infertility.However, a statute of limitation is the period during which a plaintiff must bring a lawsuit against a defendant, so if the lawsuit is not files within this period, the plaintiff loses his or her right to sue. So when the plaintiff began to suspect that her inability to conceive might have been caused by the IUD and then researched the product and discovered it was linked to infertility, the Connecticut statue began to run. Her actions and her own statement in her questionnaire show that she could reasonably assume in 1981, that Searle had cause her harm and in the judgment of the district court was affirmed.She waited too long before starting action against Searle, so according to the Lawsuit the statute of limitation was only three years if the plaintiff started action against Searle during when the Connecticut statue began to run, she could have a chance to sue Searle. The Court states that the plaintiff failed to sue Searle because action against Searle was taking after the period required of statute of limitations of the Connecticut law. According to the Court decision, if any action is taken by the plaintiff when the Connecticut statue began to run, the plaintiff failed to sue and the Court cannot entertain the suit.

One or Two continuing effects of slavery on our culture Essay

One or Two continuing effects of slavery on our culture - Essay Example The objective of this paper is to discern the nature of the damage and destruction, the particular institutions, persons, practices and policies that contributed to the lingering effects of slavery. The degree of the harm and its continuing effects is broad and includes most, if not all, of American society and its government. Just as white Americans have benefited from education, life experiences, and wealth that were handed down to them by their ancestors, so too have African Americans been harmed by the institution of slavery. The fruits of their labor were stolen from them; their African culture, heritage, family, language and religion were denied from them; their self-identity and self-worth were destroyed by repression and hatred. Sociologist Glenn C. Loury noted that "The severity of slavery's injury is far more profound than any cash transfer will be able to reverse." Furthermore, Loury has written of the immense task of how "teasing out underlying implications across the centuries of procedural violations" is difficult. Giving "compensation for identifiable historical wrongs" for specific individual actions may be possible; a procedural account "cannot possibly work for broad social violations..." Throughout the Americas, work impos... Giving "compensation for identifiable historical wrongs" for specific individual actions may be possible; a procedural account "cannot possibly work for broad social violations..." Throughout the Americas, work imposed as punishment for entire groups and generations of peoples were nearly all of their waking hours in furnishing the conveniences, caprices and luxuries of a diverse metropolitan (Paupp, 2003). The new urban poverty housed so many African-Americans who are still locked in segregated areas that are less favorable to employment and employment preparation than other areas of the city, where weak formal employment networks lead toward greater social isolation and exclusion, there exist a corresponding decline and reduction in their chances for acquiring human capital skill and adequate educational training. Most urban and labor economists learned the fact that employment in manufacturing has diminished in central cities, particularly in the Northeast and Midwest. Strong connection of poverty and unemployment is the major significance of this trend for African-Americans. The federal government withholds mortgage capital and makes it hard for urban areas to retain or attract families able to purchase their own home, manipulates market incentives which draws middle-class whites into the suburbs and, in effect, trapping blacks in the inner cities. Some government policies are also causal factors in the height of unemployment rate in the inner cities and other underlying areas, directly and indirectly. The distinction from central business districts, the uprooting of many black communities by urban renewal and forced migration, the displacement of many poor people from their homes to accommodate highway

Interactive Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Interactive Marketing - Essay Example He emphasized that the then unthinkable systems will emerge in the future as just in time interactive marketing systems with features that shall fulfill all the dimensions of interactivity defined by him. Coviello and Milley et al. (2001. pp22-23) argue that the interactive marketing is the "new" type of marketing and all the rest methods are "traditional" types of marketing. The forms of interactive marketing presented by the researchers are business to consumer, inter-personnel commercial, fully interactive collaboration, network, and business to business. Brodie and Winklhofer (2007. pp3-4) presented the new marketing strategy called e-Marketing penetration that is carried out through four methodologies - Database Marketing (using database tools to target customers in a segment or micro-segment), Transactional Marketing (traditional marketing but through electronic means), Interactive Marketing (electronic interactions between employees and customers) and Network Marketing (develo ping relationships with customers & firms within an on-line network).

Answer PhD Application Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Answer PhD Application Questions - Essay Example I am privileged to have graduated with a degree in Master of Sciences of Management on January 2010 at the Polytechnic Institute of New York University, United States of America where leadership courses focusing on contemporary theories and applications in leadership in organizations were highlighted. As a masteral student, my skills in leadership were enhanced through training on negotiation, conflict resolution, and motivation, among others. As a graduate of a degree in Education from the Taiba University, Medina, Saudi Arabia in 2007 I have gained competent qualifications in Educational Novelties, Ecology and Pollution, Clinical Psychology for Children, Islamic Ethics, and Developing Language Skills for Children, among others. Being a recipient of a full scholarship from King Abdullah Graduate Studies Scholarship for both the master degree and doctorate degree, the most important contribution so far is sharing the theoretical knowledge learned through applications as volunteer in the Madinah Chamber of Commerce and Industry in Saudi Arabia. If accepted for the PhD in Educational Leadership at University of Wyoming, significant research made in the field of education and leadership would be instrumental in updating practices in my native country and enhance policies in this field of endeavor, concurrently in both private and public organizations in Saudi Arabia, as

Introduction to computing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Introduction to computing - Essay Example f software programs that run on a much deeper level than these surface uses that are essential to the usability and accessibility of any of these other programs. This type of software is called system software, without which the computer would be a nearly useless collection of plastic, metal and wires. This software governs everything from how the computer stores and interprets data to how it is analyzed and accessed and eventually displayed on the screen for user input. Additionally, how the computer responds to user signals is also managed by system software in operations that are generally never seen or even imagined by the end user. To understand how this works, it is necessary to understand the difference between the shell and the kernel embedded in the operating system as well as the main features of graphic user interfaces as opposed to command line or human/computer interfaces, ending with a look at some of the more common programs such as Unix, Linux and Windows Vista. A shell is the interface program that allows a user to communicate with the computer. Like the shell of a turtle or crustacean, the shell can be viewed as the outermost layer of the computer’s operating system. â€Å"Shells incorporate a programming language to control processes and files, as well as to start and control other programs† (â€Å"Chapter 11†, 1997). There are various ways in which a shell acts to facilitate information transfer between the user and the computer including providing the necessary prompts for user input, translating that input into language that the computer can understand and acting to turn any output from the computer into usable information back out to the user. This process can take place either through information transferred through the use of a keyboard or through the execution of a set of commands contained in a file called a shell script. â€Å"When you log in to the system, the system locates the name of a shell program to execute. Once executed,

Interview with policy marker Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Interview with policy marker - Essay Example Such patients have to be making about 1800/year, and be diagnosed with mental disability. Income is all the same the major factor as they have to be making 1800/year According to the Healthy People 2020 report, one of the main aims is to reduce the homeless people. How does your facility do to ensure the same? The homeless patients are kept in boarding homes, or in other shelters How do the boarding homes, halfway homes, or shelters help in maintaining the individuals’ stability? Patients in these homes have access to continued care, they are seen by a psychiatrist on weekly basis who are paid by the government. This is in accordance with objectives the Healthy People 2020 program that aims at increasing medical practitioners contact with patients. According to you, what is the main drawback preventing your clients from receiving care? And what role should the government play in increasing the care given to your clients, as outlined under the Access to health services Objectiv e in the Healthy People 2020 project? Sometimes it gets frustrating to give essential care and shelter to a patient with no insurance cover. Funding becomes the biggest drawback; this patient population is mostly ignored due to mental illness. Therefore, shelters have serious limitations in receiving and caring for fixed number of patients according to availability of funds in issues related to behavioral health. In an epidemiology study carried out by Pratt (2012), data from a 2007 National Health Interview survey of 23, 393 adults indicated that 35% of adults with a history of mental illness had a history of homelessness. Do you believe this is a reality? And what can be done to reduce this problem? The future of the homeless depends on the ability of the government to offer more funding. The homes carry out a census of the homeless at the beginning of each year, aimed at determining funds required to assist each of the homeless. The problem is that the shelters are greatly underf unded, which is major challenge. One of the legal implications in accessing health care services is the requirement that Insurance coverage is the principal means of measuring whether one gets adequate access to healthcare among the general population, limiting the chances of the above mentally ill patients, who are usually unemployed to obtain such important services (Healthy People 2020). 2. Policy Maker Question Asked Response obtained Eno- Obong E. Senior case manager with VA community based care These questions focused on the objectives of Healthy People 2010 to improve access to community based education programs in aiding to reduce hospitalization and management of chronic diseases. 1. 1 Health is more influences away from the facility where most of the population spends most of their time. As a case manager working for the patients in the community is this statement true? I concur with this statement from my experience in the field. Before, we recorded much higher emergency visits even after implementing the home health nurse program. However, with no education on how to manage chronic diseases and access to community resources, patients still continued to be sick. The facility therefore helped in exacerbation on the long term health needs of patients accessing such community health based resources. What is the most critical service that you give to the community to reduce emergency visits, and ensuring increasing access to

Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 16

Economics - Essay Example The UK economy has undergone through very critical evolutionary steps in the 1980s through the implementation of Gower report and the enactment of the subsequent 1986 financial services act (Ellwood, 2002, 565-594). It is acknowledged that these changes are responsible of many developments that the economy has had throughout the late 20th century and the subsequent years in 21st century. This paper therefore focuses on analyzing the critical role that financial services sector play within the UK economy after the Gower report and the financial services act in the late 20th century and subsequent enactment of FSAct in 1986. The Gower report established a platform through which the UK financial sector can provide insights, financial services as well as advise to investors both locally and at the international front. The financial sector specializes in services such as finance and accountancy, banking, financial planning, insurance as well as pension and investments. Over the years that followed the 1980 Gower report, the United Kingdom has moved from the state of passive sale and display of manufacturing produce to become a leading determiner of what is manufactured as well as consumed. The financial services sector shifted the attention of services provide towards retailing and wholesaling industries within the country. Moreover the enactment of the 1986 financial act has been pointed out to have contributed towards increased regulation and compliance requirements within the sector (Llewellyn, 1999, p. 309-316). The importance of such regulation cannot be overlooked as it has the main aim geared toward s consumer protection. Through the act, the industry has been streamlined towards effectiveness in service delivery through overcoming information asymmetry between the service providers and the customers. The importance in regulation is also based on the reason that many institutions are

Country with High Mortality Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Country with High Mortality - Research Paper Example The total surface area of the country is 238,533 sq. km /92,098 sq. miles (WHO, 2013). According to the United Nations Department Of Population and Social Affairs, the estimated total population for Ghana was 24,392 000 for the year 2010 and a projected 27,315,000 in year 2015.Of the total population, a bigger percentage is estimated to be in urban areas than I rural areas. The total population density for Ghana is estimated to be 82,000 and 146,000 people per kilometre in 2000 and 2030 respectively (WHO, 2013). Ghana is one of the more stable nations in Africa, with a good record of power changing hands peacefully. It has a multi-party system with a presidential representative government, whereby; the president is elected directly by citizens in general elections. The president becomes both the head of state and government (Princeton.edu, 2013). Ghana is the world's second largest cocoa producer behind Ivory Coast, and Africa's biggest gold miner after South Africa. Other top minera ls in Ghana include tuna, bauxite, aluminium, manganese ore, and diamonds. It is one of the continent's fastest growing economies with a projected growth rate of 7% in 2012 although its lower than of the previous year(World Bank,2013). The high growth rate is prompted by strong cocoa production, increased gold production among other factors. The GNI per capita of Ghana is US $1,230 (WHO, 2013) State of Health in Ghana The probability of dying between 15 and 60 years otherwise known as adult mortality rate, in Ghana was 273 per 1000 people. The life expectancy in years is slightly higher in females than in males, at 64% and 60% respectively. According to WHO, the leading cause of death in the country is malaria followed by HIV/AIDS and diarrhoeal diseases. It is estimated that in 2008, the leading cause of death among children under five was malaria, accounting for 26% of the total deaths. The mortality rate as a result of malaria in 2006 was higher in Ghana than in the neighbouring Cote d’ vore.In addition, theHIV/AIDS was also high in that country as compared to Burkina Faso and generally in the African continent in year 2007.Communicable diseases record the highest burden of disease, followed by non-communicable diseases. Injuries have the lowest distribution of burden of disease. According to WHO, the number of deaths from traffic accidents in Ghana was among the highest in the world, which marks a major contribution to the high mortality rates. Being one of the stable nations in Africa, Ghana does not experience a lot of deaths from violence (WHO, 2013). According to a study conducted in Ghana titled â€Å"Public Perceptions on the Role of Traditional Medicine in Health Care Delivery System†, findings suggest that traditional medicine is effective in treating various ailments. Some of the ailments that are effectively treated using traditional medicines in Ghana include malaria, mental illness, infertility, arthritis, boils, and typhoid fever , just to mention a few. While this is the case, it is worth noting that the traditional medicines are non-standardised as emphasized by Gyasi, Mensah, Osei-Wusu & Agyemang,2011). To most Ghanaians, poverty is a strong barrier to the utilization of health people than the orthodox care services. It’s no surprise then that traditional medicine is found to be cheaper and more readily available to the medicine.

Cell Phones and Teenagers Essay Example for Free

Cell Phones and Teenagers Essay Driving and talking on a cell phone is a major distraction and possible cause of car crashes. Cell phones and new technology is becoming the cause of more and more deadly crashes, especially when it is a teen driver. There were 3,092 deaths in distraction-related accidents in 2010, but the number is probably higher. Talking on a cell phone while driving can make a young driver’s reaction time as slow as that of a 70-year-old. While teenagers are texting, they spend about 10 percent of the time outside the driving lane they’re supposed to be in. About 6,000 deaths and a half a million injuries are caused by distracted drivers every year. Each year, 21% of deadly car crashes involving teenagers between the ages of 16 and 19 was because they were on their cell phones. This result has been expected to grow 4% every year. Students Against Destructive Decisions (SADD) is an organization all over the country and is a recognized group that started out 30 years ago with a mission to prevent drinking while driving. In 1997, they changed their name because they wanted increase their focus into all areas of negative behaviors such as texting while driving, road rage, and teen crashes in general. The National Organization for Youth Safety (NOYS) is another countrywide organization that promotes empowerment and leadership for teens to take action and help save lives among their fellow road companions.

Professional Development And Reflective Practice Education Essay

Professional Development And Reflective Practice Education Essay Counsellor self-awareness has been frequently emphasised as a critical professional competency for all counsellors (Remley Herlihy, 2007). To support this key competency, reflective practice is an important means of supporting self-awareness in students and beginning counsellors. This paper will look at some definitions of reflective practice, and how it is far more than just thinking about what has happened. Reflective practice is an approach used in counselling and other health professions where models of reflection offer a way to evaluate applied learning: it is a method of refining skills and expertise by scrutinizing actions while they are being carried out, and then assessing them through discussion, writing exercises such as journalling, similar assessments or by professional supervision. Reflective practice has been developed in a variety of fields over the last few decades, most markedly in professions where interpersonal relationships are central and a high degree of intuitive judgement and decision-making is needed. Because of this, counselling and teaching make great use of reflective practice methods, along with community and youth workers, and allied health professionals. Professional practice was pioneered by Donald Schà ¶n in the 1980s. Several models exist, but basically reflective practice and learning involves growth and development as a professional by considering at an event or incident, understanding it and learning from it. Different models may emphasise different areas of reflective learning, or broaden the process to include a range of peers, communities and professional or learning colleagues Reflective practice is a continuous process and involves the learner considering critical incidents in their life experiences. As defined by Schà ¶n, reflective practice involves thoughtfully considering ones own experiences in applying knowledge to practice while being coached by professionals in the discipline. It has been described as an unstructured, self-regulated process approach directing understanding and learning. Reflective practice as a way of working that involves acting consciously and deliberately on the basis of critical insight and understanding. A reflective practitioner needs to develop an awareness of new ways to look at situations, consider new opportunities and techniques, and finds fresh means to challenge states an circumstances. A reflective practioners is a Iifelong learner, as each experience will shape their practice and approach. A belief which underpins reflective practice is that counsellors should consolidate or frame our understanding. Framing is an inevitable thing: There is no way of perceiving and making sense of reality except through a frame, for the very task of making sense of complex, information-rich situations requires an operation of selectivity and organisation, which is what framing means à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦(Schà ¶n, 1994, p29). To be reflective does not imply disregarding all assumptions and prior opinions. Instead, it is about being aware of what practioners bring with us when we meet with others. Reflective practitioners must be able to put themselves in the shoes of other actors, but and they must also have the complementary ability to consider how their own frames may contribute to problematic situations (Schà ¶n, 1994, p187). Reflective practice is consequently something that takes persistent and constant time, commitment and practice. To help counsellors, particularly as beginning counsellors, this can be where an good supervisor is so important, inspiring the counsellor to grow as a person and a professional, to think and act outside of the box and avoid falling into self-deception or pitfalls. An continuing commitment to education and also an essential basic requirement to aid this growth and development. In reflective practice it is possible to distinguish three different phases. Schà ¶n (1983) distinguished between reflection-in-action (at the same time as the practice takes place) and reflection-on-action (afterwards). reflection on practice which involves stepping back from an experience and exploring (a) what happened (b) what can be learned from it and (b) what should be done next time. This approach is used widely with students in various disciplines who are encouraged to keep a journal of learning experiences and their practice implications. Kolbs learning circle (experience _reflection _ making sense _ planning for action) is a common tool used by supervisors to help students learn this process in systematic form. Secondly, there is reflection in practice which involves being aware and conscious in the here-and-now moment; i.e. during supervision/counselling as its actually happening. This is, in some respects, an advanced-level application of reflection on practice and essential for those engaged in counselling and supervision approaches that involve working primarily with immediacy (e.g. psychotherapy: recognising transference, projection, parallel process etc.). It is also especially valuable for people working in crisis situations where conditions change rapidly and the ability to think continually on ones feet is critical. the difference between reflection on and reflection in is, in essence, the difference between What happened thenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦? and What is happening nowà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦?. The practice dimension reminds us that for learning-through-reflection to become genuinely transformational, it needs to be applied. The role of supervisor, therefore, involves not only helping the counsellor to learn through reflection but to support application of that learning to enhance his or her counselling practice. When these dimensions are drawn together in continual process, the counsellor can be described as a reflective practitioner. According to Schon (1983), reflection-in-action is a rigorous professional process involving acknowledgement of and reflection on uncertainty and complexity in ones practice leading to a legitimate form of professional knowing (p.69). Reflection-in-action is defined by Schà ¶n as the ability of professionals to think what they are doing while they are doing it. the only way to manage the indeterminate zones of (professional) practice is through the ability to think on your feet, and apply previous experience to new situations. This is essential work of the professional, and requires the capability of reflection-in-action. Schà ¶n also offers his thoughts on how this kind of professional is produced. He describes a number of key concepts: The Reflective Practicum. a term for the educational setting, or environment: A practicum is a setting designed for the task of learning a practice. This is where students learn by doing, with the help of coaching. The practicum is reflective in two senses: it is intended to help students become proficient in a kind of reflection-in-action; and, when it works well, it involves a dialogue of coach and student that takes the form of reciprocal reflection-in-action.    Tacit knowledge: his comes from the work of Michael Polanyi3. He describes for example the remarkable way we are able to pick out a familiar face in a crowd. This does not require thinking about, or a systematic analysis of features. We cannot verbalise how this is done, and so the knowledge is unspoken or tacit.   Knowing-in-action derives from the idea of tacit knowledge. It refers to the kinds of knowledge revealed in the way we carry out tasks and approach problems. The knowing is in the action. It is revealed by the skilful execution of the performance we are characteristically unable to make it verbally explicit. This tacit knowledge is derived from research, and also from the practitioners own reflections and experience.   Reflection-in-action: reflection that occurs whilst a problem is being addressed, in what Schon calls the action-present. It is a response to a surprise where the expected outcome is outside of our knowing-in-action. The reflective process is at least to some degree conscious, but may not be verbalised. Reflection-in-action is about challenging our assumptions (because knowing-in-action forms the basis of assumption). It is about thinking again, in a new way, about a problem we have encountered.   Reflection-on-action: reflection after the event. Consciously undertaken, and often documented.   Willing suspension of disbelief: describes the process of entering into an experience, without judgment, in order to learn from it. Schà ¶n uses the term in relation to the idea of learning by doing. One cannot will oneself to believe until one understands. But understanding often will only arise from experience. So it is necessary first to allow the experience to happen.   Operative attention: listening and absorbing information, in a state of readiness to apply and experiment with the new information. An everyday example would be when we listen to directions on how to find an obscure address. This participation is important in the learning process a learner needs to be already engaged in activity for further information to have meaning. This in turn is partly derived from Wittgensteins5 contention that the meaning of an operation can only be learned through its performance. Hence mechanical or imperfect performance of an activity prepares the learner for new information (feedback) on that activity, in order to develop understanding.   The ladder of reflection: Schà ¶n speaks of a vertical dimension of analysis that can happen in the dialogue between learner and teacher. To move up a rung on the ladder involves reflecting on an activity. To move down a rung is to move from reflection to experimentation. This ladder has more than two rungs it is also possible to reflect on the process of reflection. The importance of this concept is in its potential for helping out with stuck situations in learning. Being able to move to another level may assist coach and learner to achieve together what Schà ¶n refers to as convergence of meaning.   Professional reflective practice is an intricate and challenging activity. It takes time, commitment and support, ongoing professional development and supervision to mature. It should leads to new action and a confirmation of existing actions. Reflective practice needs to be more than just thoughtful practice, it needs to be a continual process of turning practice into educational opportunities. Also very useful in expressing an approach to reflective practice is Kolbs experiential learning theory. Kolb (1984), a leader in the contemporary experiential education movement, defined experiential learning as the process whereby knowledge is created through the transformation of experience (p. 38). His model of experiential learning was based on the works of developmental theorists John Dewey, Kurt Lewin, and Jean Piaget. Ideally there is a learning cycle or spiral where the learner passed through a four stage learning cycle: first a cycle of experiencing, then of reflecting, thirdly thinking, and finally acting. Immediate or concrete experiences lead to observations and reflections. These reflections are then assimilated (absorbed and translated) into abstract concepts with implications for action, which the person can actively test and experiment with, which in turn enable the creation of new experiences. As learners continue to have new concrete experiences, by reflecting and thinking about them, we can plan, test hypotheses, and have a positive impact on new experiences. Kolbs learning circle (experience, reflection, making sense, then planning for action) is a practical tool to help students learn (Wright, 202) . (a) concrete experience, (b) reflective observation, (c) abstract conceptualization, and (d) active experimentation. The process of experiential education and learning begins with the concrete experience itself (e.g., participating as a member in a small group) and continues with intentional and guided reflection on or debriefing of that experience. Abstract conceptualization represents both the integration of learning experiences and the generation of new ideas. This might include identifying and understanding the monopolizing behaviour on the part of a group member and brainstorming ways to address it in the next group session. Through active experimentation, these new ideas can be tested and explored. the process of reflection is one of the necessary stages of learning (Kolb 1984; Bennett-Levy 2006) and therefore Part of clinical wisdom is reflection on practice. Supervision provides the reflective space in which to consider the difficulties and particulars of counselling, within a supportive relationship. Supervision provides the opportunity to develop skills and understanding, and provides an avenue for comparing different approaches to managing and conceptualising client problems. Supervision can provided the reflective space to help the supervisee learn about their own thoughts and feelings, and the effect of self on clients. As a beginning counsellor, there a variety of excellent refection strategies to assist in personal and professional growth and development, to help improve counselling skills, and to prevent burn out and being overwhelmed by worries and concerns of clients. Appropriate and effective supervision (as well as group and peer supervision), journalling, feedback from clients and supervisors, measures of client progress, and continued education. Padesky (1996: 273-4) wrote: The art and skill of therapy are best developed in a therapist who consistently analyses and learns from both positive and negative client feedback and outcome.

Hester Prynne and Abigail Williams in The Crucible by Arthur Miller :: Essay on The Crucible

American literature often examines people and motives. In Nathaniel Hawthorne’s novel, The Scarlet Letter, and in Aruthur Miller’s modern dramatic masterpiece, The Crucible, people and motives often depict patters of Puritans struggling for life during a shaky time. Two main characters from both pieces of works share the traits of a struggling Puritan as adulators. Even tough Hester and Abigail have similar traits, their sins differ dramatically and were punished differently.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hester Prynne is a woman in Boston who is strong of her will. For example she had a daughter and refused to give out her father’s name. She says, “…my child must seek a heavenly father and shall never know an earthly one'; (Hawthorne 64). She is a very truthful woman except for one time. A good example would be when she has to lie to her daughter, Pearl, about the letter she wears on her chest. She claims she wears it “for the sake of its gold thread'; (166). Hester is also an adulator who is punished by the village. Abigail Williams is a teenager who is a great liar. She manages to pull off a big witch-hunt with skills probably as great as an actor does. She is also the niece of the town minister, Reverend Samuel Paris.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Both these women do know the feelings of being an adulator though. Even though Hester’s affair is known publicly. Hester fell in love with the minister Aruthur Dimmesdale. They are very much in love but then she gives birth to his child and is ridiculed by the public. Abigail believes she is in love with a farmer named John Proctor. She wants his wife dead. A good example is when John Proctor says “…she thinks to dance with me on my wife’s grave…';(Miller 102), which obviously means she wants Goody Proctor erased. Both women meet their loved ones in secret until their loved ones died.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Adultery was a significant part in these women’s lives. As any reader can see, even people with the same traits have many different faults. Such as their ability to speak the truth.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Even though both women are adulators, Hester is a truthful woman who never lies. She only lies one time to her daughter when approached by the question of what the scarlet letter stands for. Hester also never lies when approached by ministers to confess whom the accomplice were. She just says, “I will not speak'; (Hawthorne 64).

black cat Essay example -- essays research papers

The Effect of the Use of Irony on the Progress of Poe's Short Story, "The Black Cat" This Paper will interpret a short story, "The Black Cat", by Edgar Allan Poe. My Purpose is to show the effect of the use of irony on the progress of the short story. I Suspect that use of irony in Edgar Allan Poe's short story, "The Black Cat," is one of the main points which allows the hidden character of the Narrator, and the truth of the situation to be revealed and helps the reader to comprehend the story better. In Edgar Allan Poe's short story, "The Black Cat," the nameless narrator begins his horrifying tale by informing his readers that he is about to relate a "series of mere household events" (FN1). He then wonders if, in the future, when his morbid tale is discussed by others considering his case, they will find it to be "nothing more than an ordinary succession of very natural causes and effects" (FN2). Considering the terrible conclusion of the story, this very opening establishes an ironic tone that continues until the end of the tale. The fact that the Narrator would even wonder if his horrible story would ever be considered a "series of mere household events," and the casual, almost off-handed way he contemplates his actions immediately informs the reader that the opinion of the Narrator and the facts of the story he is relating may turn out to be something completely different from what is first presented. He tells us in the beginning of the story that "tomorrow I die." Obviously something extraordinary has taken place or he would not be in that fateful position. The reader quickly comprehends that the Narrator's opinion of the story and what actually occurred may be two very different versions of some gruesome event. The fact that the Narrator is in jail and has been sentenced to death only adds to the irony of his musings. He looks back on the events with "awe," yet thinks that others, sometime in the future, will understand and sympathize with him, finding what he did not odd at all. In the end we know he will die because in the beginning he has still, only hours before his death, come to terms and accepted responsibility for the consequences of his actions. In the very first paragraph of the story he points the finger of blame at "these events" whi... ... allowing the hidden character of the Narrator, and the truth of the situation to be revealed. The black cat may have been the agent that was instrumental in his downfall, but it is the man himself who is wholly responsible and Poe leaves little doubt of that. The black cat, hideous, hidden behind the wall, cemented in by the Narrator himself, is a striking symbol of the decay and corruption of the man's soul. His guilt, self-hatred, and need for punishment are all exposed when he bangs on the wall, prompting the black cat to howl, and revealing to the stunned policemen the secret hidden behind the wall. Notes 1. Poe, Edgar Allan. The Black Cat. Boston: Northeastern University Press. 1986. Pg.l. 2. Poe. Pg. 2. 3. Poe. Pg. 5. 4. Thompson, G.R. Poe's Fiction. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. Pg.9. 5. Thompson, Pg. 9. 6. Thompson, Pg 9. 7. Poe. Pg 2. 8. Buranelli, Vincent. Edgar Allan Poe. Boston: Twayne Publishing Company. 1977. Pg.79. 9. Poe. Pg.2. 10. Hoffman, Daniel. "The Marriage Group." Edgar Allan Poe. Modern Critical Views. Harold Bloom, Editor. New York: Chelsea House Publishers. 1985. Pg. 83. 11. Poe. Pg. 8 12. Thompson. Pg.72 13. Poe. Pg. 18. black cat Essay example -- essays research papers The Effect of the Use of Irony on the Progress of Poe's Short Story, "The Black Cat" This Paper will interpret a short story, "The Black Cat", by Edgar Allan Poe. My Purpose is to show the effect of the use of irony on the progress of the short story. I Suspect that use of irony in Edgar Allan Poe's short story, "The Black Cat," is one of the main points which allows the hidden character of the Narrator, and the truth of the situation to be revealed and helps the reader to comprehend the story better. In Edgar Allan Poe's short story, "The Black Cat," the nameless narrator begins his horrifying tale by informing his readers that he is about to relate a "series of mere household events" (FN1). He then wonders if, in the future, when his morbid tale is discussed by others considering his case, they will find it to be "nothing more than an ordinary succession of very natural causes and effects" (FN2). Considering the terrible conclusion of the story, this very opening establishes an ironic tone that continues until the end of the tale. The fact that the Narrator would even wonder if his horrible story would ever be considered a "series of mere household events," and the casual, almost off-handed way he contemplates his actions immediately informs the reader that the opinion of the Narrator and the facts of the story he is relating may turn out to be something completely different from what is first presented. He tells us in the beginning of the story that "tomorrow I die." Obviously something extraordinary has taken place or he would not be in that fateful position. The reader quickly comprehends that the Narrator's opinion of the story and what actually occurred may be two very different versions of some gruesome event. The fact that the Narrator is in jail and has been sentenced to death only adds to the irony of his musings. He looks back on the events with "awe," yet thinks that others, sometime in the future, will understand and sympathize with him, finding what he did not odd at all. In the end we know he will die because in the beginning he has still, only hours before his death, come to terms and accepted responsibility for the consequences of his actions. In the very first paragraph of the story he points the finger of blame at "these events" whi... ... allowing the hidden character of the Narrator, and the truth of the situation to be revealed. The black cat may have been the agent that was instrumental in his downfall, but it is the man himself who is wholly responsible and Poe leaves little doubt of that. The black cat, hideous, hidden behind the wall, cemented in by the Narrator himself, is a striking symbol of the decay and corruption of the man's soul. His guilt, self-hatred, and need for punishment are all exposed when he bangs on the wall, prompting the black cat to howl, and revealing to the stunned policemen the secret hidden behind the wall. Notes 1. Poe, Edgar Allan. The Black Cat. Boston: Northeastern University Press. 1986. Pg.l. 2. Poe. Pg. 2. 3. Poe. Pg. 5. 4. Thompson, G.R. Poe's Fiction. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. Pg.9. 5. Thompson, Pg. 9. 6. Thompson, Pg 9. 7. Poe. Pg 2. 8. Buranelli, Vincent. Edgar Allan Poe. Boston: Twayne Publishing Company. 1977. Pg.79. 9. Poe. Pg.2. 10. Hoffman, Daniel. "The Marriage Group." Edgar Allan Poe. Modern Critical Views. Harold Bloom, Editor. New York: Chelsea House Publishers. 1985. Pg. 83. 11. Poe. Pg. 8 12. Thompson. Pg.72 13. Poe. Pg. 18.

Depression vs Recession – Difference and Comparison Diffen

Depression vs Recession Diffen †º Economics In economics, the words recession and depression are used to refer to economic downturns. One could say that while a recession refers to the economy â€Å"falling down,† a depression is a matter of â€Å"not being able to get up. † Comparison chart Improve this chart Frequency: Depression Infrequent (approximately once in a generation). 3 notable depressions Great Depression in 1930s, Long Depression from 1870s-1890s, panic of 1837. No official definition. A severe recession with a 10% decline in GDP is usually called a depression.Recession Frequent. The National Bureau of Economic Research has identified 10 recessions. (http://bit. ly/acM3VJ) Definition: An economic contraction when GDP declines for two consecutive quarters is usually called a recession. Ads by Google Recession Depression US Recession Economics GDP Contents 1 Difference between definition of recession and depression 1. 1 Definition of Recession 1. 2 Defi nition of Depression 2 Characteristics of a Recession vs. Depression 3 Related Articles 4 References Difference between definition of recession and depressionDefinition of Recession A recession is a contraction phase of the business cycle. The U. S. based National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) defines a recession more broadly as â€Å"a significant decline in economic activity spread across the economy, lasting more than a few months, normally visible in real GDP, real income, employment, industrial production, and wholesale-retail sales. † American newspapers often quote the rule of thumb that a recession occurs when real gross domestic product (GDP) growth is negative for two or more consecutive quarters.This measure fails to register several official (NBER defined) US recessions. Definition of Depression A depression refers to a sustained downturn in one or more national economies. It is more severe than a recession (which is seen as a normal downturn in the business cycle). There is no official definition for a depression, even though some have been proposed. In the United States the National Bureau of Economic Research determines contractions and expansions in the business cycle, but does not declare depressions.A GDP decline of such magnitude has not happened in the United States since the 1930s. Characteristics of a Recession vs. Depression The attributes of a recession include declines in coincident measures of overall economic activity such as employment, investment, and corporate profits. Recessions are the result of falling demand and may be associated with falling prices (deflation), or sharply rising prices (inflation) or a combination of rising prices and stagnant economic growth (stagflation).A common rule of thumb for recession is two quarters of negative GDP growth. The corresponding rule of thumb for a depression is a 10 percent decline in gross domestic product (GDP). Considered a rare but extreme form of recession, a depression is characterized by â€Å"unusual† increases in unemployment, restriction of credit, shrinking output and investment, price deflation or hyperinflation, numerous bankruptcies, reduced amounts of trade and commerce, as well as highly volatile/erratic relative currency value fluctuations, mostly devaluations.Generally periods labeled depressions are marked by a substantial and sustained shortfall of the ability to purchase goods relative to the amount that could be produced given current resources and technology (potential output). A devastating breakdown of an economy (essentially, a severe depression, or hyperinflation, depending on the circumstances) is called economic collapse. Related Articles GDP vs GNP Monetary Policy vs Fiscal Policy Nominal GDP vs Real GDP American Economy vs Canadian Economy 9/3/12 Depression vs Recession – Difference and Comparison | Diffen Economic Development vs Economic GrowthReferences http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Recession (retrieved on October 12, 2008) http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Depression_(economics) (retrieved on October 12, 2008) The Economist – Diagnosing Depression Comments: Depression vs Recession Add a comment†¦ Comment using†¦ Omar Ngodan Secka  · Group Head, Real Estate Marketing at AGIB LTD wonderful explaination Reply  · Like  · August 13 at 6:08am Abdulkader Sa'ed M'oud  · Amoud University prolonged recession is known as depression. Reply  · 1  · Like  · May 8 at 3:07amAmmar Kamran  · ICMAP owesome Reply  · Like  · June 14 at 11:45pm Mohammad Asad  · Lecturer at Kardan Institute of Higher Education recession is for short period of time and its affects can on one economy and depression on the other hand have longlasting affects on more than one economies. Reply  · 1  · Like  · April 8 at 12:33am Saroj Dhal  · Works at Shoppers Stop contineously and consistency down of market condition that is known as depression. Reply  · 1  · Like  · February 2 3 at 7:19am Anonymous comments There are no anonymous comments yet for Depression vs. Recession. Comment anonymously www. diffen. com/difference/Depression_vs_Recession 2/2

Racism and Non-Western Discrimination Essay

Slavery dates a thousand years back and now comes to be one of the sources of dismay for people who are relatively concerned with their neighbors. Africans are the main victim of this atrocious treatment, having a different color and being considered to be the most underdeveloped human being compared to their European and white counterparts. This classification of people, through their skin color and place of birth, accompanied by extreme feeling of hatred and disgust is widely known as racism. It attracts other people to look at a person’s natural characteristics, their nose, hair, complexion, etc., as basis of their capacities. Thus came more superior races because of being more desirable and developed than the others.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Racism has been evident in the past decades and has been the basis of bloody wars and genocide. Hitler’s hatred over the Jews killed thousands of these religious descendants because of his belief that his bloodline is supreme than that of David. Until now, the holocaust denial movement insists that there are no mass murder committed against the Jews. This anti-Semetic treatment over Jews continue until now, evident mostly in their war in the Middle East (â€Å"Anti-Semitism,† 2001, n.p). The concept of Deicide, or the killing of a God, has intensified this hatred in the rise of Christianity. Radical racism has encouraged separatism, a tradition where the inferior race is removed of the benefits enjoyed by their superior counterparts (â€Å"Racism,† 2001, n.p). In the U.S., white supremacist groups continue to establish racism against the blacks, spreading the word of inequality all over the country with their skin-head members.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   One recent issue that needs appropriate concern is the interne-hate. It is an online propaganda, primarily using internet websites, to conjure and express hatred and discriminate people of perceived inferior race (â€Å"Internet Hate,† 2001, n.p). Because of internet’s free environment, almost absolutely allowing every person with access to express their thoughts, it became the battle ground and sanctuary for many racist activities all over the world. Publication of hate inciting materials in the world wide web has been greatly tolerated because of the lack of internet related laws prohibiting or limiting the freedom it offers to its users. Furthermore, the growth of this technology helped in proliferating violent messages to millions of users around the world, including children.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Other means of racist behavior before have included pamphlets, brochures, posters, and magazines. Racism also manifested through radio and TV shows, theater plays, and movies. Taking advantage of recent technological advances, racists elevated their campaign against other races through the internet, where information is sent in a split second to millions of users. They can send electronic mails to private users and fellow racists, comment on internet contents, join discussion groups, upload hateful videos and music, and incite violence through blogs without being identified. They can literally hide their identities, use multiple profiles, and present pictures not their own.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Racism can also be widely encouraged through this system. Racists can easily find other racists who can strengthen their claims and remove them of any dissonance. They can also insist that they are backed up by thousands of other racists, to scare their targets and attract supporters. One particular website is the BlackMonitor. It contains articles and discussion posts from unknown sources. Articles are primarily against blacks – black athletes, celebrities, families, criminals, perverts, politicians, and terrorist. There are criticisms against even talented blacks, like Fifty Cent (â€Å"Nigger 50 Cent Hates Alicia Keys,† 2008, n.p) and Wesley Snipes (â€Å"Nigger Wesley Snipes off to Nigger College,† 2008, n.p). Most particularly, presidential candidate Barrack Obama has been targeted with so much criticism, a comment even asked for an assassination (Lies, 2008).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The internet phenomenon is deemed to be the most influential source of information being easily accessed by millions of users. Also, the lack of rules because of its international coverage is primarily the reason for its wide use for racist activities. Local and federal laws may exist, other countries may have implemented strict censorship, and some websites may have established their own guidelines for publication. However, these may not be enough to stop this hateful attitude toward people perceieved to have inferior race.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Racism itself is hard to vanish. No matter how hard we try in alleviating discrimination, some people who will always think that they are better than the other and will resolve to violent attacks against them. However, there are basic solutions we can employ to help the abused people. Counter superior-inferior racial notions Implement equal opportunities, blacks and Asians remain less developed because their white counterparts are being entertained well in many companies. Incorporate anti-racism in childhood education and enforce it well in the preceeding years. Encourage international and intercultural education. Specify racial crimes and establish punishments for it. Dissolve racist groups and give its members appropriate measures and education.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Racism basically becomes violent because of misinformation. By removing the wrong notions about racial classifications and implementing effective education on children and young adults, and enforcing laws against racism we can minimize this long criticized issue.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Internet Hate in particular can be limited through censorship and establishment of necessary laws to stream its contents. This may limit freedom of expression and thought, but freedom is never absolute. There are details that should be removed because of their harmful contents. States have a great responsibility in prohibiting malicious contents in their areas since international laws may be hard to enforce in local cities. Registration of websites can also be an effective solution. Through this we can identify who owns and manages a website and have people to blame in cases of discrminatory contents. Censors may also be established to have constant checks, though this may be very exhausting due to the thousands of websites that are active in the world wide web. However, users reporting malicious contents can help in determining websites that should be sanctioned and ordered for closure. Again, this may bar certain rights and privacy policies, but if we are really serious in removing inequalities and minimizing those discriminatory eyes against our unfortunate friends, we can take this step in alleviating racism.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Many of us may think that freeing this world of racism is impossible. Lawmakers, who are secretly racist themselves may oppose such acts. Nationalist movements and groups may also prevent us from reaching our goal of equality and non-racial classification. However, many people have suffered enough because of this kind of treatment, of constantly giving them a hateful stare, beating them on their way home, treating them like dogs, under paying them, and lastly trafficking these innocent people. These actions may force them to be aggressive towards us, and that gives us new reasons for discriminating them. It just won’t stop this way. Indeed, there will always be inequality, but at least, let us, more developed individuals, be more compassionate and understanding of their situation. References Anti-Defamation League. 2001. Anti-Semitism. Retrieved 29 April 2008. http://www.adl.org/hate-  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   patrol/antisemitism.asp Anti-Defamation League. 2001. Internet Hate. Retrieved 29 April 2008. http://www.adl.org/hate-  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   patrol/internet_hate.asp Anti-Defamation League. 2001. Racism. Retrieved 29 April 2008. http://www.adl.org/hate-  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   patrol/racism.asp Blackpubwatch. Nigger 50 Cent Hates Alicia Keys. Black Monitor. Retrieved 29 April 2008.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://blackmonitor.wordpress.com/2008/04/20/nigger-50-cent-hates-alicia-keyes/ Blackpubwatch. Nigger Wesley Snipes off to Nigger College. Black Monitor. Retrieved 29 April   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   2008. http://blackmonitor.wordpress.com/2008/04/20/nigger-wesley-snipes-off-to-nigger-  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   college/ Black    Monitor. Lies. Comment on Barack Obama – Pathological Liar Extraordinaire by blackpubwatch.   Retrieved 29 April   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   2008. http://blackmonitor.wordpress.com/2008/04/26/barack-`  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   obama-pathological-liar-extraordinaire/